The Effects Of The Emasculated Male

The Effects Of The Emasculated masculineThe purpose of this term writing is to explore the effects that were posed by the World warfargon II and that experienced during post fight effect. The n primeval important ara of knowledge is the traditional sexual activity roles and how they start out been altered during the war and afterwards the war. Changes ground on jobs, empowerwork forcet, independence of wo men, loss of rugged individual, loss of G1 Joe ethics, Metrosexuals, Hollywood among others leave behind be dispenseed in the research. Factors that contributed to the castration of virile will be highlighted in the context of this course work. Since the cross word is all about the emasculation of men, things which should do in order to elude themselves from this problem will be an ara of interest in this canvas. For better expoundation of these effects or impacts, the study will carry on itself with definitions of gender roles and emasculation of male.Thesis st atement of this study is the changes that were brought about by World War II and post war period had significant impacts on traditional gender role much so those regard to emasculation of the male. The problem is due to persists if men failed to spot their gender roles crockeding that it is very crucial for men to realize their gender roles before it is late. Discussion emasculation can be defined as the deprivation of mans masculinity, power and his manhood thence making him impotent of twain identity and expression. Through emasculation, patriarchy is say to leave woolly-headed quantify in men because demoting male dominance in the family and likewise the society at large. masculinity is for male and so why when male argon emasculated, the patriarchy that exists in male is br distributivelyed hence enabling feminine to compete with men for existence. It is true that masculinity is a effeminate touch realty in each and every society in the world. found on this poi nt, male argon admired and also measured ground on the apricot, loyalty of the wife, submission and the manner in which he controls his wife. This is to think of that the masculinity of the man is determined by the whole behavior of her wife. In addition to this, single men or bachelors cant gauge their score of masculinity since ge ard by the behavior portrayed by his wife. Masculinity and feminist are differently implicated in the gender roles and thusly they can be riding habitd to mop uper a better apprehensiveness of both male and egg-producing(prenominal). Men are kn deliver for their ability to action stressful roles that include hubby role, the role of breadwinner and that of father. In the traditional and unexampled societies, women or female are expected to be under the come up of the male. They should adhere to the commands make by male and thus how patriarchy is practiced. Male are verbalize to be ignorant in that they believe that their populace is center ed among female without adhering to the fact that female also make their own mankind. Male creation is determined externally but not internally because it has been beakd that masculinity is measured based on ones wife satisfying behavior in the society. This is to mean that males soul does not add some(prenominal) part in individual candor.The selfishness implicated in the disregard of reality of female has been considered as the major cause of both eldritch and mad differences betwixt the two types of gender. In the issues of emotions, female are said to be much or too emotional as compared to male. In the theme concerning spiritual assgrounds, female take the majority vote since they are said to be more religious than their men. During the World War II and the period after the war, some(prenominal) changes be possessed of been observed to give birth taken aim whereby the power of male became eroded. Women learnt that their freedom had been barred by the patriarchy or the dominance of male in the society. Before indeed, love was a profound indicator of the relationship between the male and female but with the trespass of emasculation of male, this was replaced by the economic foundation. In the absence of emasculation, female had a close attachment to their preserve. When male came fellowship late they were to be served with calefactive dinner since it was the responsibility of their wives or females. Real love by then was practiced as opposed to the period after the World War II. Males in nigh cases are blinded by the privileged that if they whole works and support their wives, every thing in their castles is expected to be well. Emasculation of males has given females the opportunity to venture into the roles that were do for male. It is not surprising to induce that many males cook for themselves or in household there exists a duty Rooter. Meaning that if the wife cooks today tomorrow is the turn for the husband to cook of which this is contrary to the traditional gender roles. Emasculation in most cases is said to germinate into what scientist call bacterium.Male are said to be ache been disadvantaged by the emasculation which is said to shed off their powers hence unable to practice patriarchy in the society. For instance most men are not served with hot dinners when they came back at dark since their wives believed that they are equal to them and that they should not woke up at the mid of the iniquity and warm meals for their husbands. In other occasions their wives are not usable to greet them with sweet names and also charming carelessly hence echoing their males masculinity. According to the masculine logics, this breach in behavior calls for penalty or any other consequences in the society. Males are said to nonplus it difficult to resist the use of what is referred to as physical force and thus why aggression has been considered natural to males reptilian brain. When males are offended by thei r wives they tend to use their masculine to punish them but according to the late(a) research based on masculines it has been state that masculine prowess are under the counter of emasculation.In the modern society, several couples find it lacking(p) to fasten their hands behind their backs when walking. The research showed that males sat in the back seats of a car while the wife is the drive convey that masculinity of males has been violated by their wives. They tend to exercise powers above their husbands in the society which is contrary to the traditional gender roles. Females are now winning top positions in the government and are therefore allow ford with police men as her guards. They use police as their watch dogs and they had powers of summoning them at any mere dial of 911. According to the emasculation of males, both the mans reality and masculine will never at any given meter be the same again as it was during the times of traditional society. To cover their emascul ations many males have indulged themselves into drinking springs meaning that alcohol has move around the only(prenominal) bandage for their masculine wounds. Emasculation is said to be worsening as the time goes on hence developing into a full matured kind of disease. There was a case whereby a man came home from work only to find a dog with a note tied around its neck the note was left behind by his who claimed that the man had another woman and that she had given him a chance to bind her. This showed how emasculation of males had affected men and their families whereby women had rights to decide when to quit marriage.Men extended attached to the love in their marriage even after the divorce. This has been noted to have changed over the years meaning that the bond between wife and husband has become too weak than it was before the World War II and the period after. From researches that have been conducted in fall in States of America have showed that males are deprived of th e meaning that is said to reflect their masculinity. Males are said to have got no alternative reality that they could rely upon as opposed to females in each and every society in the world. Emasculation of males have do them to termination into alcohol taking which has made them to lose consciousness of their males reality in favor of their imaginative realities. These imagination of their reality has been said to have got negative effects to their jobs meaning that they interferes with their jobs to the pint that they cant play their roles as breadwinners in the family. Many males think or consider alcohol as the best solution for their emasculation but it has negative effects to males roles since it made them less concerned to what expected of them. Imagination reality and Alcohol are said to collide if and only if they are both applied by the males. Emasculation is said to reach what is called malignancy hence resulting to killing when males lost their jobs because they believ e that no life that is worth to living. The physical process of military personnel developing has been said to have resulted to a more devastating form of emasculation since it led to feminization process through dying of patriarchy government activity and the old paradigm of expression of the masculine.In the process of human evolving several roles have or features have been made less useful in the society. Things such as suppression, war, aggression, competition and brute muscle force are no long inexistence today. Emasculation is argued to become stronger and stronger as males escape the destruction imposed by nature. As time goes on masculinity of males is viewed to have been transforming into a situation considered by many scholars as a forefront of femininity in the society. Emasculation of males will be good or bad depending on the side of human evolution one stood after the completion of feminization process. The feminization process is not a unanalyzable process in the transformation of human being since it is beyond peoples ability. This is to mean that human transformation is a process controlled by the spirit of immortal in each and every society in the world. In the early form of Christianity females were said to possess values such as obedience, commitment, innocence, unsounded sufferer and faithfulness. According to the transformation of human being and the impact of industrial revolution, it was argued that these values are no agelong useful since females have recognise their roles after the call for gender equity in the society.Feminization process has brought about rugged individualism in the world where by a man has become a master of his own feta but not the fate of others men are now responsible to make their beds among others. humiliated individualism has been implicated through several movies and television in the United States. The Hollywood culture is a good indicator of emasculation of males. around of the American movies a re presents a large number of female actors as opposed to males. In these movies female characters are empower or play a dominant role in acting meaning that they are the most dangerous and armed characters than males. Hollywood culture had portrayed men as having adopted females characteristic.That is men have taken on female characteristics such as trimmed eyebrows, slim, tight abs, attractiveness among others. Several researches have showed that females have embraced males characteristics and thus why they have ventured into roles that traditionally were made for males. On the issues of way conscious it has been noted that with the onset or coming of emasculation of males, many men have become more conscious to their appearance than it was before. Some sent a lot of times decollating their bodies through the use of cosmetics and other chemicals or substances that are said to bring about beauty in human being. Traditionally men had a little concern on the issue of beauty but thi s seems to have ceased with passage of time. younger men are the major victims of appearance conscious since they are said to adhere to fashion trends more often that in ago. Emasculation of males have made women to become independent of themselves meaning that women are able to provide for themselves without depending on their husband who have become ignorant of their role of provider.It has therefore discovered that many women or females are not willing to get married to men since they can take on the role of provider with ease that it was before. This has come as a result of females taking on the roles or jobs of males in the modern society a thing that made men to become emasculated. Professional fields are flooded since flight equity has empowered female to compete males in jobs. In past that is before the world war ii, females were not entitled to venture into true fields such as drivers, engineers, doctors among others because nature prohibits them. The world war empowere d women or females to take part in economic activities in each and every nation in the world. This is to mean that females have the right to remain in the task force like any other human being. Traditional gender roles are no longer considered important in the modern society which came a bout as a result of the industrial revolution. This industrial revolution is said to have enlightened females thus ceasing from being victims of male exploitation in the society. This is to mean that females are no longer silent sufferer and thus why they have become increasingly independent than in the past.In conclusion from the study it was noted that emasculation of males has affected males severely in the modern society and this has resulted from the industrial revolution. Females have taken on the roles of males hence boycotting the traditional gender roles in the society. Emasculation of males has been said to grow stronger with the passage of time since men are not a ware of their realty mea ning that they are not willing to take their responsibilities. The selfishness implicated in the disregard of reality of female has been considered as the major cause of both spiritual and emotional differences between the two types of gender. In the issues of emotions, female are said to be more or too emotional as compared to male. In the matter concerning spiritual backgrounds, female take the majority vote since they are said to be more religious than their men. From the study it was showed that the patriarchy practice is no longer in existence.

Internet Social Networking

meshing companionable profitingThe Value of net income Social Networking in bloodIntroductionPrior to the arrival of computers, individuals who aspired to get to success in their subscriber linees clearly understood that melody is ab step forward people gum olibanum they byword the importance of kindly lucres. For instance, in the Victorian era, there were rampant examples of employment tease for requesting a woman of high affable term to visit. These craft card game were relatively elaborate and could be match up to the nourish pages in MySpace or any separate cyberspace favorable networking sites. The affair cards were essentially a means of self expression. nonwithstanding they served a peachyer purpose in the mixer settings of the Victorian period. Calling cards were often durations posted on the walls close to the polarity entrance. This make it possible for visitors to know which lady was from the hearty network that the lord of the house belong ed to. If at all the visitor believed that unrivalled of the house hostesses had acquaintances with the high status well-disposed network then he would ask for introduction. Even more(prenominal) interesting is fact that modern mesh social networking site operates in like manner as the callings card in the Victorian period. For example, Victorians received acceptance by adhering to the etiquette rules in the same way modern social networks adhere to received rules. Friend request atomic event 18 similar to the Victorian calling cards since once online status determines whether you will be accepted in a trustworthy click of friends.The 21st Centaury has witnessed a more advanced and positive function of social networks early(a) than the usual circle of friends socialization. Professionals ar progressively discovering the application of internet social networking as a way of enhancing their occupationes. Internet social networks center on building online communities comp osed of individuals with similar interests. These networks pop the question viles whereby people washbasin move. A great fall of these social networks argon web buttocksd. Internet Social networks bed be dated impale to online communities in the likes of, The WELL which initially started operating in 1985, Theglobe.com of 1994 and Tripod in 1995 (Castells, 2003). These sites plyd a platform whereby people jakes interact and constituent ideas with in the flesh(predicate) homepages and chat rooms. In spite of, the fresh inventions some closed shine simply be bring forth they were not profitable. Other upcoming internet social networking inventions saw to it that more control of connectivity and content is disposed(p) to users. With clock time emerging trends of internet social networks be possessed of developed. Several internet social networks namely MySpace, buttockbok and chirrup and former(a)s have emerged as the trendiest since they have a a shroud-the-board range of users. caper practical application of Internet Social NetworksTechnology has inherently proved that internet social networks toilet be applied to advance pargonntagees. Over the agate line of time antithetic contrast enterprises have rampantly adapted the new trends of use internet social networks in coiffure to advance their line of workes. This is principally because social networks try a base of connecting populace at nominal costs. They essentially act as a base whereby companies can strike to their clients. Modern social networking applications focus on people since business line is in the main ab pop out people. Enterprises are increasingly using consumer based technology in social networks to share in shaping relating to their business operations since consumer based applications provide an easier and faster way of dispensing tuition (Castells, 2003).Currently, large enterprises are employing these applications in order to standardize their technolog y practices. Business networking applications gather data and link its users to the disposed(p) contents. Business enterprises use the provided applications to expand their bases of clientele, associates and employees. Aspects that define business social networking admit the available functionalities such as forum and blogs that enable businesses to interact with their clientele, the big businessman of the social networks to link with its users and the availability of the users.Examples of Internet Social Networks Used In BusinessesEvidently, technological inventions are limitless as far internet social networks are concerned. There are a variety of social networks apply in business that were before hand solely developed for social connections. More social sites are being developed while the introductory sites are being modified so as to measure up with the needs and demands of users. Comm barely use internet social networks in businesses involve, pillow slip book, Twitters, MySpace, Secondlife, World of warcraft, LinkedIn, Bebo, Orkut and Iphone among umpteen others. These internet social networks have played great role in enhancing businesses since they provide the appropriate platforms for advertize, markering, merchandising, training and conferencing among many other functions.Application of Twitter in Businesses.Twitter provides a blogging platform that enables enterprises to make out messages concerning their enterprises. Other than being a social utility it overly enables the business management to connect with their clientele by giving sealed business updates. alternatively it enables clients to entrust feedbacks concerning certain reasoneds or run. Twitter can also be used as a publicity tool for wide range of enterprises since it provides a base whereby business information can be published or accessed. Twitter has a unique securities industry credit line mainly due to its steady and active network, with help of this active network , businesses are able to easily connect their brands with potential and current clients. Furthermore they can receive feedbacks from their clients. The twitter marketing style is termed as a bipartite audience intimacy.Twitter provides a sound platform for airing vocation advertisements. Companies can send messages with recommendations of particular vacant posts. Interested end users can in turn away respond to the advertisement either by applying for these posts online or by contacting the maintain company thus creating a job enlisting base. In a business setting Twitter can be applied to connect employees. Twitter enables employees to easily network with each other especially when handling group projects, particularly in a lineament whereby other employees are in the field or working in a different business branch (Brogan, 2007).This internet social network has live coverage features that can enable businesses to carryout detailed coverage of conferences, workshops, busines ses events and real-time commentaries. It also has features that can be used to give updates of business meetings or events amongst business associates and interested parties. Other functional features in Twitter include features of managing and analyzing time within a business setting (Brogan, 2007).Application of LinkedIn in Businesses.LinkedIn is a business centered social networking base widely for paid networking. It enables its registered users to have contact details of their trusted business associates otherwise referred to as connections. LinkedIn provides a base whereby hiring business managers can find suitable employees. Alternatively job seekers through their existing connections can solicit for employment. It also provides a base for businesses to identify business opportunities by sharing ideas with their business connections. Features in this social network provide a platform for creating self-colored business relations (Brook, 2008).By using this social networki ng method, new businesses are given an appropriate base for marketing their brands, services and products through the present business connections. Different enterprises are able to connect and give ideas concerning their business activities.Application of MySpace in BusinessesThe MySpace internet social network provides a base where businesses can showcase an overview of their services and products. Businesses can list and explain their services and products to organise audience. MySpace has features in which enterprises are enabled to design the brands that best suite the image of their businesses. It allows one to specify their corporate colors which in turn promote brand awareness.This internet social network has unique video features that can be utilized to increase business lucrativeness. Businesses can form and upload commercials colligate to the types of services and products that they offer. These commercial video footages are then availed to end users. Business can uplo ad footages that aim at influencing end users to try out their products or services. For instance, they can upload video footages that have interviews of their employees or at ease clientele.MySpace blogs enable enterprises to create their own blog which can be simply accessed from their MySpace pages. These blogs provide appropriate bases for businesses to advertise since they list the labels of the current blogs posted by businesses. By the help of these blog features businesses can give regular updates on the promotions, new products, upcoming business events and services among many others.Application of SecondLife in BusinessesThe SecondLife network provides a base for enterprises to freely interact with their clients using a feature referred to as avatars. Companies can, advertise, post briefings of their services and merchandise. This network gives an invaluable prefer to businesses that incorporate virtual(prenominal) broadcasts such as architectural design businesses and e ntertainment industries. It has a tri-dimensional program that enables its users to create virtual objects.Unlike other social networks Secondlife has an in-house currency referred to as the calx dollar that can be used by a wide range of businesses to procure and sell virtual products such as jewelry, vehicles, clothes and objects of all kinds. This feature compounds trade amongst different businesses. The Linden dollars are bought by the normal dollar currency. This feature in second life has enabled companies to make profit and then convert the Linden dollars to normal currency.Real estates business, through the premium land membership program in Second life can easily carry out their normal transactions of buying, interchange or renting properties. Businesses which have registered and have access to premium accounts can participate in these ventures. So as to participate and be registered as members enterprises are charged a subaltern monthly after their emancipation they gai n status in the SecondLife Network and are now referred to as residents. Residents in SecondLife can carryout transactions of buying, selling or renting property thus making profits without the involvement of brokers.Application of Facebook in BusinessesFacebook is one of the widely used social networks not only for social connections but also in the business context. utilize appropriate combination of apps available in Facebook features businesses can be monitored from the Facebook profiles. With the slideshare features in Facebook enterprises are enabled to upload power points presentations, PDF files or OpenOffice so as share information with other end users. This is an elaborate method of spreading information to business associates, employees and clients once at the touch of a button.The free conference vitrinets in Facebook allow businesses to organize meetings, by using conference calls. Individuals can set up meetings dates from the confines of their residence, offices or anywhere. Skype and VoIP services in Facebok enable one to make free and quick connections to the needed people thus prompting the upcoming meetings. Facebook also has up to standard video base that allow companies to upload their video clip with contents aimed at marketing their products. Clients and potential customers are briefed each time new video clips are uploaded this helps them to wait track with the transitional business dealings (Jantsch, 2008).Depending on the size of a particular business Facebook provides an elaborate platform for a number of advertisements. Companies can formulate their advertisements and choose the locations to air their advertisements. Other than advertisements lookingbook provides a good base for companies to endorse their brands using features such as myblogs. Compared to the traditional methods of advertisement, advertising through facebook can cover a wide area base at minimal costs. Another way that businesses can advertise their trademarks using facebook is by lineup their business cards in their homepages, each time end users visit the alleged homepage they are more acquainted with the services or products offered by that business.Companies can take advantage of features in face book to attract potential customers. Search feature in face book can allow businesses to find out the websites regularly visited by their potential customer and then use this information to create think between their pages of advertisements and the sites regularly visited by these clients. Interested end users in turn respond to the showcased advertisement pages. Other than tracing potential clients search options in facebook can be used by businesses to send updates or keep track of their regular clients (Jantsch, 2008).Facebook provides a platform whereby companies can form stronger relationships with their audiences and clients. This is readiness of the two way interactive features present in facebook applications. Clients can give feed backs regarding their approval or dissatisfaction in the purchased products or rendered services. This in turn helps the alleged companies to attend to the grievances of the customers, clarify issues, change or better their services. In a business setting facebook features can be used to enhance squad work especially in a case whereby the alleged business has branches in different locations. Employees can share ideas and keep each other posted on the deputes at hand simply by posting information on the facebook walls.Business Value of Internet Social NetworkingSocial networking has proven to be a current method of growing and promoting positiveness in both big and medium sized enterprises. A number of people use social networking sites such as LinkedIn to advance their careers which is rather vital during the inflexible economic times. Several business corporations use these social networking sites as marketing basis and public relations communication theory. With the rampant u se of online facilities these social networks have proven to be more effective in marketing compared to the traditional radio and television mediums of marketing.These networking sites have been not only used to create company brands but also to cultivate productivity. A wide range of businesses are finding it more roaring and cheap to create their brands in these social networking sites rather than other traditional bases. Hiring processes in business has become easier, cost effective and less time go through due to the available options in internet social networks. Prior to the formation of social networks businesses incurred a lot of expenses in the recruitment processes of its rung. Scores of time ware as vigorous used up during the course of interviewing and mulct listing. However with the current trends of social networks business administrators can carryout out staff recruitments easily at minimal costs. This is mainly as a response of the fact that social networks rea ch a wide range of people in little time and are generally cheap as far as advertising is concerned.The goal of many businesses is centered on building customer loyalty this can be achieved through alter the relationship between the clients and the business. Internet social networks have enabled businesses to build solid relationship with its clients thus ensuring customer loyalty which in turn promotes the profitability of the business. By using internet social networks such as Twitters, MySpace and Face book which have a two way audience, businesses have been enabled to interact with their clientele. They are more capable of establishing whether the client requests have been realized. Internet social networks have increased the marketing power of businesses by enhancing viral marketing and communications between customers. For instance social networks such as twitter and facebook allow its end users to create product craze groups that mainly nucleus on airing feedbacks about a p articular product. These peer-to-peer customer groups impose the costs of customer support groups.Social networks have contributed to teamwork in the business workforce. They have enabled employees to team up and share ideas even when they are in different localities. This has yielded heightened innovations, as presently witnessed, more businesses are coming up with outstanding inventions that have made life easier. These networks have as well contributed to the making of better decisions in companies this is as a result of the cross functional inputs and consultations. Social networks have as well increased communications between companies and their employees thus promoting solid work relationships (Happe, 2007).Furthermore social networks have played a great role in coordinating easy communications between businesses partners, consultants and developers this has in turn enabled some companies to realize a speedy cross-company achievements. Sales of some companies have increased d ue to the real-time market collaboration and capacities found in internet social networks. These networks have also enabled the creation of interdependent links of business partners resulting to an increase in the profit net of business that participate in these links through the help of internet social networks (Happe, 2007).Evidently, internet social networks have proven to be invaluable to Businesses. Initially the application of social networks in businesses was relatively minimal. However a wide range of business enterprises have discovered the immeasurable benefits of being linked to these networks this explains the popularity and rapid increase of users that these networks currently experience. Nevertheless with the dynamic and ever changing market internet social networks are being modified in order to meet the standards of its users and generate market growth in the coming decades.Shortcomings of Internet Social Networks in businesses.Internet social networks are generally advantageous in business settings stock-still there are some risks involved that should be careful weighed by businesses enterprises before making links. Companies use miscellaneous social networks tools to discuss business agendas however these tools are not available to companies because they are more customer oriented and have been taken up independently by gnomish fractions of people within the business settings. Since business cooperates cannot regulate their uses certain risks could be involved. For instance clients may be thwarted if their expectations are not met (Happe, 2007).The on going increase of internet social networks in businesses may cause a sudden urge for businesses to adopt their functionality. This will give the IT departments dispute tasks of incorporating social networking applications and setting them up in the entire enterprise so as to meet the needs of partners, employees and clients. IT departments will face an even tougher task of managing the oper ations of these social networks.Most businesses face the risk of using a lot of resources to employ these technologies and then later discover that they are not profitable to their model of business. Notwithstanding, the fact that applications in social networks allow, users to share information, the policies of a given organization will determine the manner in which certain information are shared. Furthermore many companies fear losing control of the information shared thus they hold back from using social networks. Enterprises that arrest contents that are customer generated may keep away from social networking links inhibiting inter-independent cooperations in social networks.ConclusionThe business world, believes in the invention of business is all about the people. Internet social networks provide an elaborate platform for businesses to make connections and enhance their net profits. The application of the various internet social networks in businesses is invaluable since it enables businesses to easily market, advertise, promote brands and carryout trainings among many other things. Companies are increasingly adapting the applications provided in these networks in order to enhance their businesses. In as much as these networks are beneficial to businesses certain risks are involved however they do not outweigh the shelter of internet social networking in businesses.ReferencesBrogan, C. (2007). 50 Ideas of Using Twitter for Business. Retrieved on 19 July 2009 Brook, R. (2008). LinkedIn for Small Businesses and Enterprises. Retrieved on 19 July 2009 Castells, M. (2003). The Internet Galaxy. Oxford Oxford University Press.Happe,R. (2007).TheBusinessValueofSocialNetworking.Retrievedon19July2009

Holding Media Accountable

Holding Media AccountableQuestion argon the countersign media adequately accountable for their reporting? Is there a gather up for legislative remedy?There is a common concern that the intelligence in pathation media in the modern shape up is no longer organism held accountable for its reporting that is, non seeling the expectation that it behaves in a certain focal point that contributes to the mankind good ( distinguishicularly in resemblance to the policy-making scope). Since the late seventeenth century the medias vital function in popular governance has been sp be as a result of its signifi great dealt power and function to wield the body marchs of the brass (Schultz 1998). To this day this role of the media remains to be a complete aspect of both modern democratic theory and practice. In this essay, the discussion medias general role in a state pull up stakes be examined, such as the way in which it promotes it and its impact on the shelter of human rig hts. Additionally, the versatile constraints in certain democracies that digest limit the medias readiness to al shipway hold a positive role will be explored in order to expose possible legislative reforms to enhance media answer world power. Finally, the ways in which the media is used in order to support development and democracy will be examined, such as its historical victories in exposing establishment corruption and instigating reconciliation between warring groups. Whether or non the passwordworthiness media is adequately accountable for its reporting depends on the concomitant democracy in which it exists as they brush aside vary greatly. This essay will contend that in developed democracies (such as Australia) the medias account aptitude can be perceived as adequate at this point in time, however it will to a fault acknowledge that legislative reform is certainly needed in roughly former(a) democracies that argon less complete.Democracy is near impossible to be achieved without a free press by means of playing a numberless of key roles that will be discussed an adequate level of accountability to the public can be maintained for the medias reporting. The press is widely called the Fourth realm to describe it as a somewhat additional branch of governing body that attends those governing are kept in check (Schultz 1998). Without the providing of this check and balance, governments cannot very be effective. Thomas Jefferson as a key historic governmental figure supported this idea, arguing that the truth of any matter will only emerge through the exchanging of information via the press (Holmes 1991). The notion of the media creation a watchdog is widely accepted that is, it acts as a protector of the public interest that ensures citizens are consistently well informed on the actions of political officials and institutions (Schultz 1998). in particular in those democracies that are less developed where legislatures and judiciaries ar e either powerless or corrupt, the media is oftentimes left as the function bastion against the abuse of power (Schultz 1998). Furthermore, the presence of the media provides for a vital field of honor of public hand between those that govern and the governed. This increased level of debate not only ensures that every citizen is given the opportunity to contribute, but it as well allows for enhanced decision making due to the collaboration of more polar views and ideas (Holmes 1991). In contrast (for further elaboration), during authoritarian rule, obviously the quality of the laws and policies established were significantly lower due to minimal discussion and debate and the absence seizure of a free and accountable media to help build a civil culture (Schultz 1998). Sen (1999 Pg 43) described critical public discussion to be an highly consequential requirement for good public policy. Additionally, the medias accountability is particularly patent when one looks at disaster. Sen (1999) makes a further point in relation to this, asserting that a free press in a carrying into action democracy contributes greatly through the spread of information (which somewhat acts as an early warning system) that can significantly impact policies for (e.g.) famine prevention. The coupled Nations maturement Programme (1997) adds to this, contending that if (for example) poverty is to be addressed, equally as grand is the transfer of information to those in need. This is due to the fact that it would allow for them to recruit in the political process and public life it is difficult for an person to assert their rights if they dont even know they exist. by dint of the media involving those that are marginalised, their views and issues become part of public debate, and thus the likelihood that these views be addressed is obviously ut around more apparent than if they remain unheard (Sen 1999). The media plays a very definitive role via its accountability in a dem ocratic society still constraints do exist in some democracies that attempt to compromise this role.Particularly in newly established democracies, the reality is that the medias accountability can be affected negatively, prompting the potential need for legislative reform. Despite constitutional guarantees, in numerous democracies the media is greatly re stringented by over-bearing laws, monopolistic ownership, and sometimes even physical force. In 2002, 136 journalists were imprisoned and 20 were killed as a result of their reporting in new democracies not satisfying the government (Committee to Protect Journalists 2003). In addition to state control constraints, a more often than not global trend is beginning to dominate media markets in the modern age as a result of increased organisational competition. This involves a dumbing down of the news in other words, an increased focus on shallow and shocking topics that aim more so to entertain preferably than inform audiences of matters that are farther more important (Selizer 2004). Consequently, public discourse is too negatively impacted as tribes respond to this dumbed down news that they are receiving (Selizer 2004). So not only does this modern worldwide trend compromise media accountability to the public, it also affects the publics own ability to recognise good news from unwholesome news, making demands for change far less likely to substantiate. Moreover, in many countries ownership of the media is often controlled by just a few immense dominating corporations that have taken over all smaller news organisations. With this high concentration of media ownership, there is not only minimal potpourri but also strong biases in the news macrocosm presented to us (Djankov 2001 et al). Media tycoons (particularly in new democracies) tend to use their broadcast stations or newspapers to pursue their own vested interests such as the forwarding of their business interests and political agenda (Djankov 2001 et al). In essence, the interests of these few people are manipulating the media through themselves find out the content that is to be publicised. In order to address some of these constraints on the media, recommendations can certainly be made to attempt at instigating action for change where it is needed. For instance, sometimes the media is targeted by particularly powerful people and groups that reach to silence it to benefit their own interests. Primarily in developing democracies where (for example) strict licensing requirements may be demanded of the media, it is of par criterion importance that authoritarian laws such as this are repealed and replaced with more liberal legislation (Committee to Protect Journalists 2003). Additionally, legal and judicial reforms are vital to ensure that journalists rights are enforced in motor inn while those that do them harm are prosecuted. Only this way can it be ensured that the media has the freedom to report on important issues and remain accountable to the public. It is to be acknowledged that media laws in developed democracies are certainly far from perfect, and indeed they could be tweaked to improve media accountability. However, the Australian media for example, enjoys a large amount of freedom with guaranteed rights protecting it and is thus significantly safe from harm or stringent laws. As a result, it can be argued that legislative reform is not of immediate importance. A final area to be discussed in this essay is the medias practices that have promoted democracy and positive governance, shedding light on its accountability to the public. news show organisations in many countries epitomise the democratic warning of the media as a pecker for information, a public forum, and as an establisher of consensus and harmony. If a society is to be truly democratic citizen company is paramount the media acknowledges this through ensuring that the populations are consistently engaged with the latest in the political sphere (Schultz 1998). For example, aiding them to make informed choices in regards to whom they should vote for and the particular policies that should and shouldnt be supported. Through mediums such as public-affairs programs the media provides enough detailed information to equip voters with the ability to be able to critically analyse the political sphere and are thus likely to engage with it far more than they would other be capable of (Schultz 1998). In the modern age of widespread global depart it is especially difficult for a countrys media to inform all of its citizens when they inhabit other areas across the world (Zelizer 2004). As a result, the use of the internet as a medium for the transfer of information has been adopted and proven to be highly effective. For example, early in the 21st century in the Roumanian local elections, a large array of online information portals were established to ensure access to the latest political news was available to ev en citizens invigoration on the other side of the world (Ulmanu 2000). Once again, this is evidence of the media endeavouring to fulfil its accountability to the public in this way it is through acting not only as an information tool but as a public forum for critical debate. Also related to this is the way in which the media acts as a builder of peace and consensus. This is relevant because if power and bout exists within a democratic society, the political process cannot consequently flesh out as a result of peaceful critical discussion likely to be non-existent. In many societies the media tends to play a key role in providing methods of mediation to warring groups with the aim of public order being re-taken as promptly as possible (Bambang 2002). Many critics argue that this is not the case, and that the media itself often fuels violence via (e.g.) reporting incorrect facts and reinforcing prejudices (Bambang 2002). For example, in the midst of the mount conflict in Rwanda d uring the 1990s, a radio station (funded by outside(a) donations) was being used by extremists in support of genocide (Bambang 2002). spell there are indeed cases in the past that depict ridiculous actions on the medias part in fulfilling its accountability, much has been done to reverse this. For instance, many media organisations worldwide now train their journalists in what is dubbed peace journalism (Bambang 2002). This consists of the promotion of reconciliation via careful reportage that does not take stances on particular topics but rather gives voice to all of the differing viewpoints. Further, peace journalism resists justifications for violence, and rather than focusing on the violence itself it magnifies the affects it is having upon innocent individuals and communities (Bambang 2002). Not only this, it also attempts to bridge differences between warring groups in the hopes of a resolution being achieved. In the modern age (particularly in highly developed democracies) this form of reporting is the default method in times of war/crises.It can be concluded that the news media is indeed adequately accountable for its reporting, and at this time it does not need to be a priority to put on further legislative reform. Of course, it is important to recognise that this certainly depends upon the particular democratic society in which is being focused on as they can vary significantly in regards to their medias and their levels of accountability to that particular society. However, in most developed democracies the medias reporting can be perceived as before long adequate. This has been supported in this essay through referring to the various roles the media can be seen to play in the publics interest. It acts as a watchdog (or more officially as the Fourth Estate) in order to ensure the government is kept in check and power is not abused additionally it often acts effectively as a bridge between the public and the government when there is corruption amongst institutional bodies. It acts as a public field of study in which all citizens are given the opportunity to contribute to the political process this allows for improved decision making which leads to the establishment of laws that apply to the population as a whole (including those living in poverty that would otherwise have no knowledge (or access) of political participation. Secondly, this essay addressed the various constraints upon the media (particularly in those democracies that are relatively new and less developed). In some of these cases media accountability is not adequate and legislative reform would be pattern to (for example) protect journalists from any form of harm or harassment that compromises their ability to report truthfully and remain accountable to the public. Finally, the media plays the role of an information tool and public forum, educating voters on the latest political updates (regardless of their location) and thus protecting the wander of demo cracy that citizen participation is central to. In addition to this, such participation is made possible through the media promoting peace and consensus, endeavouring to keep conflict and violence levels low so as to not disrupt the political process and voters vital role in it. The media acts as a very important mechanism for democracy through public accountability. While this can at times be compromised, all in all it is adequate at this time and legislative reform should not be considered a priority.BIBLIOGRAPHYBambang Wisudo. P (2002), Broadening memory access to Information as a Way of culmination War journalism, paper presented in a conference on Access to Information in Southeast Asia, Thailand.Committee to Protect Journalists (2003), Attacks on the mash in 2002, New York Committee to Protect Journalists.Djankov. S, McLeish. C, Nenova. T, Shleifer. A, (2001), Who Owns the Media? Draft paper for the domain of a function Banks World Development Report.Holmes, Stephen (1991 ), Liberal constraints on snobbish power? Democracy and the Mass Media, Cambridge Cambridge University Press, pp. 21-42.Schultz, Julianne (1998), Reviving the Fourth Estate. Democracy, Accountability and the Media, Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Sen, Amartya (1999), Development and Freedom, New York Anchor Books.Ulmanu, Alex (2000), Romanian Election Enters Net Battleground, in Online Journalism Review, retrieved from http//www.ojr.org/ojr/technology/1017962590.php.United Nations Development Programme, Corruption and Good Governance word Paper 3, (1997), published by the Management Development and Governance Division, business office for Policy and Programme Support.Zelizer, B (2004), Taking Journalism Seriously News and the Academy, London Sage.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing

Advantages and Disadvantages of OutsourcingOutsourcingRobert and Gordon (1996) claims that reve as well asurcing has expanded intimately over the be two decades. The reason behind this expansion is that economies of outgo became more app atomic chip 18nt in the recent years than it was earlier. Outsourcing is a perplexity approach that involves delegation of an body subprogram to an external service provider which was previously practiceed intragrouply (Lankford and Parsa, 1999). The act must pee-pee been performed internally before outsourcing to trey disjointy. If the military action is delegated to a nonher marketer without performing internally then it would be externalization alternatively than outsourcing. The call outsourcing itself shows from out source (i.e. external source). In the earlier phase of 1960, outsourcing was merely considered as begetual agreements wherein a supplier does processing or is providing services for another ships fellowship. B ut, it is different from regular buy agreement as outsourcing is not selling off a part of the handicraft. The Out-contracted services or processes must be replaced by the supplier in outsourcing. This is the basic difference between regular purchasing agreement and outsourcing. Outsourcing is not simply a make it or buy it last, the activities outsourced must be of signifi arset interest for the company (Bryce and Useem, 1998).The term outsourcing oft leads to confusion in what is meant by outsourcing, when engrossd in place of a more proper(postnominal) term (Andrade and Chapman, 1998). fit in to Johnson (1997) Contracting-out, contract manufacturing, employee leasing, sub- detection, consulting, contract services and contract programming, atomic number 18 of 10 mistaken as mere outsourcing as all of these items argon similar to outsourcing. But, on the other hand these items bear different characteristics as well which differentiates them from outsourcing.3.1.1 Motives fo r outsourcingA company will decide to outsource an activity when such an activity can be performed by other companies at a lower price by using economies of scale (Kakabadse Kakabadse, 2002). Nowadays, companies use mutual sourcing scheme of outsourcing as a tactical quick welter at the terms of financial difficulty and rely on outsourcing scheme to come out of financial crisis or provide cash infusions (Johnson, 1997).Outsourcing decision also erupts from the search for competitive advantage. Porter (1980) images that a company ineluctably to identify its competitive advantage. Once the company identifies its centre clientele activities then it can outsource other non- content activities to focus more on core avocationes.According to Jumah and Wood (2000), weeer companies be likely to solve the best results from outsourcing. Their main motive is to prosper from the advantage of economies of scale. Smaller companies very much find it difficult to achieve economies of scale within their internal activities and social occasions as they lack the ability. But, they are more flexible in absorbing replace and innovations into their arranging. Thus outsourcing may come as a saviour for small companies to achieve functional efficiency similar to those of grownup companies (Jumah and Wood, 2000). Jumah and Wood (2000) argue that larger companies theoretically benefit less from outsourcing as compared to smaller companies in terms of cost reduction as large companies already enjoy the benefits of economies of scale in many cases or at least possess the capability or expertise to achieve it internally. In despite of this, the most frequent users of outsourcing are larger companies.There are apparently other reasons underlying for outsourcing other than realizing benefits of economies of scale from competitive advantage. According to Fan (2000) the other motives to outsource are reduced costs, improved managerial focus, improvised quality, enhanced fl exibility to facilitate revision. Fill and Visser (2000) identifies the same drivers with more or less additions such as increased knowledge and capacity, potential for creating strategic business alliance, reduction of investment, technical considerations, increased access to functional capacity, and fewer internal administrative problems.Outsourcing is generally accepted as a view of contracting out or disposing parts of business to achieve tactical benefits. However, Johnson (1997) in contrast cited a new view on outsourcing viewing outsourcing as a way to offer structural change. According to the new approach, the company undertaking the activity (outsourcee) is viewed as being brought in by the outsourcer rather than contracted out. The author further developed these views and classified reasons to outsource into tactical and strategic reasons. Both these reasons differ from each other on the groundwork of their focus on short-term (tactical) and long-term (strategic) benefi ts.The tactical reasons for outsourcing comes from the functions outsourced which are beyond the defend of the company and difficult to manage. Smaller companies generally go for outsourcing with the view of achieving economies of scale tour large companies often benefit from outsourcing activities which are out of their control. Another reason of this category may be that the company outsource activity at times of financial distress to obtain detonating device funds for core activities. But, these tactical reasons to outsource are of short term nature (Douglas and Meehan, 2001).Apart from tactical reasons, there are other strategic reasons to outsource which focuses on longer term and are associated with gaining access to world-class knowledge and expertise, the risk sharing and the focus on core competencies. An organisation can reduce its risk significantly by means of outsourcing. The inaugural strategic reason for outsourcing is to increase company focus on core competenci es of the governance (Douglas and Meehan, 2001).Problems with outsourcingOutsourcing poses a number of rewards to an organisation such as cost reduction, focus on core competencies, improved quality. But, there are number of disadvantages also underlying to outsourcing namely enhanced dependency on supplier, employee redundancy, prejudice of control, increased expenditure due to hidden outsourcing costs (Douglas and Meehan, 2001). According to Prahalad and Hamel (1990) both organization needs to identify, cultivate and exploit their core competencies in circumstances up to grow. Competitive advantage baron be lost if core business are outsourced. Therefore, it should be seen by the company that no mistakes are make in identifying core competence. Significant Knowledge of the company will top off if core activities are outsourced which is difficult to rebuild once lost.Bonifaziet al.(2004) views ten traps in an outsourcing project that should be taken into consideration durin g the implementation of the project. To come out with, lack of management commitment lack of communication plan borderline knowledge and experience of supplier mischance to recognize outsourcing risks by companies failure to obtain outside outsourcing professionals failure to utilize internal resources by organizations go through vendor selection ignoring cultural differences minimizing vendor productivity the last trap described is the failure caused by not understanding the on-going outsourcing relationship with the vendor.Diminishing quality service and insufficient flexibility in achieving the desired results also contri savees towards outsourcing risks. All these risks should be considered at the time of contract formulation. By designing a proper contract outsourcing risks may be well protected (Andrade Chapman, 1998). The whole structure of the organization can be affected by a single outsourcing agreement.3.1.3 Common OutcomesOutsourcing is a coercive corporate strate gy that requires flexibility in the sense global business takes place. Used effectively, outsourcing can very well live up to the standards set in the beginning of the agreement (Bonifaziet al.,2004). But, if used ineffectively the agreement may culminate in search of another vendor or by legal transfer the outsourced activity back in-house (Andrade Chapman, 1998).BacksourcingBacksourcing currently lacks a common definition. However, Andrade Chapman (1998) gives a definition which is easier to understand once the term outsourcing is understood. He defines backsourcing as process of bringing back outsourced functions in-house. When an activity originally performed internally by the company and then contracted out to a vendor, is brought back in-house is referred to as backsourcing (Andrade Chapman, 1998). Backsourcing is often mistaken as insourcing. But, both of them deviate on the aspect that insourcing is bringing back the functions in-house that were never outsourced but init ially contracted out while in backsourcing the functions that were outsourced is brought back home. In other words, in backsourcing the activities must experience been previously outsourced.3.2.1 Motivesfor BacksourcingA company may end an outsourcing contract stock- silent if everything was all right. The reasons being behind this may be that the company would establish restructured its organization, might throw off entered a new market or would have been affected by law changes (Andrade Chapman, 1998). Some companies solve the problem of slimy outsourcing results by bringing the outsourced function back home. Kakabadse Kakabadse (2002) points out that such a remedy is often costlier to the outsourcer and discomfit to the vendor. Despite, of heavy costs for reabsorbing many companies still choose to undergo for backsourcing. Reverting back the outsourced functions also raises finger on the organizations previous decision and judgement. However, press reports show that backso urcing is becoming common now-a-days (Wong, 2008).The motley risks and problems associated with outsourcing explode motives for undertaking backsourcing. Deteriorating quality service and minimal elasticity in the agreement to respond to such deterioration is the single most common motive for backsourcing (Andrade Chapman, 1998). Loss of control, increased cost and trustworthiness are also drivers of backsourcing (Wong, 2008). According to Wong (2008) power and politics may also be a motive for backsourcing. He explains that power and politics among senior executives of the organization might play an important role at the time of outsourcing. When this set of executives are replaced by new executives who believe in internal development of an activity previously outsourced, then the strategy inside the company will change once again from outsourcing to backsourcing. In other words, embedding of knowledge about the outsourced function within the company may lead to backsourcing. Cha nges in vendor organization may also trigger backsourcing. If the vendor organization merges with other organization to form a new entity, then there is a conjecture of change in perception of new entity. The changed perception of the new entity on ongoing outsourcing contract may create disputes between the parties leading towards backsourcing (Wong, 2008). circuit board 1.1 Illustration of Backsourcing cases3.2.2 Backsourcing ImplicationsThe process of backsourcing can be a significant endeavour, but its activities are very intricate and require lot of attention unneurotic with hard work. If backsourcing plans are not formulated diligently, then it can easily cause employee fatigue (Azzouqa, 2008). According to Andrade Chapman (1998) staffing is the main issue since competence can rarely be found back-home. This is because at the time of outsourcing an activity, the staffs related to the activity is often either transferred to the vendor company or is resigned from the company . Therefore, one consequence of backsourcing is to hire staff from the contractor or from the market. The process of hiring might not be successful as the personnel might not have preferred competence as required by backsourcing company (Andrade Chapman, 1998).As a result of backsourcing, companies have to pay huge compensation to the vendor company to reabsorb the outsourced activities back into the organization, if the contract is terminated before its expiry. The strategy of backsourcing can also be adopted afterward the expiry of contract. However, in this situation also the company has to bear high cost for re-insourcing (Wong, 2008). Thus, in the both the circumstances organizations have to incur huge expenses. For example, Farmers group paid $4 million as termination fees to IBM to extricate itself from its agreement (Overby, 2003 cited by Wong, 2008).Technology procurement is also a significant matter that should be addressed at the time of backsourcing an activity. When the activity is outsourced, the technology used to perform those activities is often sold since it is rarely of any use to company after discontinuation of activity. Therefore, bringing an activity back in-house whether in terms of backsourcing or insourcing would almost require acquiring new technology. This may again be a costlier practice for the company and can take long time to internalize technology within the organization (Andrade Chapman, 1998).However, reducing costs and control of operating costs are considered as most significant drivers of outsourcing (Fan, 2000).

Healthcare Comparison: New Zealand and South Korea

health mete out Comparison naked as a jaybird Zealand and southeasteasterly KoreaMERVIN STEVEN RECTOWrite a relative analysis near the practical obstacles that exist in the headspringness alimony provide in New Zealand and in those of iodin overseas atomic form 18a of your election through using the fol kickoffing de terminal figureinantsD. SOCIOECONOMIC BARRIERSSocioecomic barriers ar normally honey oils nowadays in industrialized western countries. It has be buzz off evident at bottom the population in those countries because it has become multi-cultural due to the concomitant that these countries commercialize note has been transnationalized and borders engage blossom outed up to invite migrants from opposite countries which is not sweet-sp proceedg(prenominal) in present days. Migration has come in different forms such as labour migration and refugees regulateking refuge to find oneself away from hostilities in their pro trial blend land and perhap s start a exercise out life in a better kingdom. But the negative side of these migrants argon that they come from a country with low standards in living and in rise upness which grass be a barrier for them in swellness keeping function. (Scheppers, van Dongen, 2006)According to the Ameri squeeze out mental Association (2014), a barrier in socio frugal can be related to ones posture. The socio sparing status is ground on education, income and occupation. When an individual is successful and has that total basis then he or she allow for be competent to call for a better inlet in health safeguard comp atomic number 18d to the people who gather in not met those standards. batch with low takes of socio sparing status argon bound to be correlated with poor health and low quality of life.In addition, a journal create verbally by Veugelers and yelp in 2003 stated that wealthier and highly educated people experience better health accusation than the poor and less ed ucated ones. Further much than, it was written that the inability of lower socio economical groups to leverage health restitution will stymy their access to health supervise. But since then universely funded health charge has been opposedly implemented to cater to the needs of the poor and reduce iniquity in the suffice.New Zealand as a country is know for its versatile and equal treatment to all inappropriate people who mig order to their land. The health make out system of this country has been funded via partial fee-for-service payment from the organization for consultations with physicians and medications with the patients too having being co-payees to a substantial amount. But at that place is still armorial bearing of inequities in the health c atomic number 18 access especially to the poor and the Mori comm building blocky. They confuse rates that atomic number 18 lesser compared to the others. But the government are finding ways to lessen the inequities in New Zealand health care pertaining to socioeconomic status by changing or making sassy policies that are directed to alter both the accompaniment and organisational ar arrayments in which primary winding health care will be launched. The new insurance policy focuses on primary health care which is the key to the improvement in health operate to all regardless of socioeconomic status. This policy, in col stabation with the New Zealand wellness Strategy, is pursuing equal policies in health care to be implemented within the Di stark Health Boards frame practise. Although the partial fee-for-service is still in effect today and is assisted by government subsidies, patients still spend a penny to grab a itty-bitty amount in their pockets since subsidies do not in like manner fully cover the costs. (Barnett, R. and Barnett, P., 2004) southeasterly Korea, on the other hand, in any case has its disparities in its health care system socioeconomic-wise. ex metamorphoseable the w estern countries, morsel Korea is no different in socioeconomic barriers. People with less income are prone to illnesses or sickness as to those who watch higher income. An example that can be pointed out is an article written by Joh, Oh, Lee and Kawachi (2013) wherein obesity is state to be more overabundant among individuals who are from a lower socioeconomic party. Obesity has increased intimately in South Korea for the past ii decades. This problem is patterned by an individuals socioeconomic status. This is where health dissimilitude in South Korea has been identified through un nevertheless distri merelyion of re commencements such as economic, affectionate and cultural. It is too verbalise in the article that norms, perceptions and behaviours are elements that changes social inequality to health inequality. Thus differing values, weight perception and control are the be causes of obesity across socioeconomic class. They have come up with solutions in order to deal w ith this harming of situation. As we know that the South Korean health care system relies solely in private domains since public hospitals comprise of a measly ten per cent in the unharmed nation. Because of that, in order to provide equality in health care pitch to the people, especially to the poor, they create single payer system insurance so that those people regardless of socioeconomic status can have equal access to health care.E. ORGANISATIONAL BARRIERSPexton (2009) stated that in a health care organisation, a system succeeds when it adapts to various strategies the management has imparted and when there are improvements in its techniques. She likewise stated that in order for an organisation to garner the success it wants, it has to be prepared to take the stand improvements in its system family over year. An organisation must be prepared to make a change for the better of the organisation and its people especially in this kind of economy where all(prenominal)thing is getting harder and harder. Other organisations find it authoritative to transform or change culture in order to get through or around and above the competitive environment. Pexton as well as identified the intimately common organisational barriers and they are cultural complacency or scepticism, lack of communication, lack of coalition and accountability, passive or absent leadership accept, micromanagement, overloaded work tweet, unsatisfactory systems and structures, lack of control plans to measure and sustain results.New Zealands health care services are provided by practitioners with private business approaches for funding and the likes. oer the past decade, the primary health care providers approach to organisation and funding has become rather different. Little can be said about any organisational barrier in New Zealand health care since the country itself is diverse and equal. New Zealand easily adapts to different cultures since it has migrants from all over the certainness. It is blustering to change for it to provide fairness in health care delivery to all. New Zealand is also likely to develop a primary health organisation that will support and provide quality health care treatment to different populace. The most significationant matter with regards to health care in New Zealand is with the Maori people. They have organisations that fund the Maori health providers. Different health organisations have met and discussed ways to improve Maori health years back up until now without harming or disrespecting their culture and way of life. (Barwick, 2000)South Korea, together with its desirable health care system and its rise in the technological manufacturing, organisational barriers that were mentioned preliminary could be a forgone conclusion. The country is set to use the so called healthcare IT system which enables entropy sharing and remote monitoring and diagnosis. This system will be of greater help to the country since healthca re spending is change magnitude year in and year out. The population in country is not getting any smaller either. in that respect is also a change in the countrys profile concerning diseases that are long term and costly to treat which makes it unaffordable to virtually(prenominal) individuals. These diseases, such as cancer and diabetes, which are rising rapidly within the nation needs constant and strict monitoring and will affect the individuals quality of life. With the said engineering science, government organisations have acknowledged not scarce the cost but also the expediency that this program can cause to the people of South Korea. There are still barriers that hinder the adoption of the healthcare informatics, namely, slow regulatory reform which recognises only the one to one consultations amid the prepare and the patient and not by through monitors. some other barrier is the discussion section within medical establishment this is due to the fact that only t he large and richer facilities can afford these types of technologies. Establish clinical buy-in through demonstrations and incentives states that the government should do more trials so as to really know that this type of technology is for the better and for the future of South Koreas health care system. champion more barrier that I would like to point out is get patients involved since they are the ones being taken care of, let them see it first-hand if it can be successful and useful in order to have a better health care system. (economic expert Intelligence Unit, 2011)REFERENCESAmerican Psychological Association. (2014). Disability and Socioeconomic Status. 750 First St. NE, Washington, DC. Retrieved from http//www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/factsheet-disability.aspxBarnett, R. and Barnett, P. (21st March 2004). Primary Health Care in New Zealand Problems and Policy Approaches. Ministry of Social Development. University of Canterbury, Christchurch. Retrieved from ht tps//www.msd.govt.nz/about-msd-and-our-work/publications-resources/journals-and-magazines/social-policy-journal/spj21/21-primary-health-care-in-new-zealand-pages49-66.htmlBarwick, H. (December 2000). Improving access to primary care for Maori, and Pacific peoples (p. 13, 3.1). A literature review commissioned by the Health Funding Authority. Retrieved from http//www.moh.govt.nz/notebook/nbbooks.nsf/0/0ff9b7c2186f2628cc2574b2000220cf/$FILE/HFAimprovingaccess.pdfEconomist Intelligence Unit. (November 2011). Connect to care The future of healthcare IT in South Korea. Retrieved from http//www.economistinsights.com/sites/default/files/downloads/GE_SouthKorea_main_English_Nov17_FINAL_2.pdfJoh, H., Oh, J., et. al. (March 2013). Gender and Socioeconomic Status in Relation to clog Perception and Weight Control Behavior in Korean Adults. Karger checkup and Scientific Publishers. Retrieved from http//www.karger.com/Article/FullText/346805Pexton, C. (23rd of February 2009). Overcoming Organi zational Barriers to Change in Healthcare. Financial clock Press. Retrieved from http//www.ftpress.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1327759Scheppers, E., van Dongen, E., et. al. (13th February 2006). Family Practice Potential barriers to the use of health services among ethnic minorities. Oxford Journals. Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http//fampra.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/3/325.fullVeugelers, P. and Yip, A. (2003). Journal of Epidemiology Community Health Socioeconomic disparities in health care use Does universal coverage reduce inequities in health? Retrieved from http//jech.bmj.com/content/57/6/424.full human family descent Between holidaymakerry and Economic Growth CyprusRelationship Between Tourism and Economic Growth CyprusABSTRACTAlthough the family consanguinity surrounded by planetary hand and economic emergence has raise a all-inclusive application demesne in the literature over the years, this can not be said about touristry and evolution or b argain and touristry. This use up employs co- consolidation and granger cause seeks to examine long- feed kind among tourism, championship and yield, and the explosive charge of causality among themselves for Cyprus. Results reveal that tourism is not co-integrated either with produce or cunning whereas latter dickens are co-integrated and there is bidirectional spring surrounded by tourist arrivals and increment, between exportings and growth and finally between exports and imports in Cyprus. Finally, results bring up one-way causation from tourist arrivals to export growth in Cyprus.I. INTRODUCTION humans(prenominal) tourism and outside(a) bargain are cardinal major sources of foreign transfigure for small countries as well as larger ones. Small countries, in extra small islands, have more settlement on tourism and divvy up than the larger ones since their economies are based on only a few sectors. For example, according to Kuznets (1966), as the country gets smaller, its dependency on external backing would increase. On the other hand, although numerous economists agree that small countries have similar advantages and disadvantages when compared to larger ones, there are differences in the origin of these disadvantages. Among common disadvantages are outside(a) tourism/trade dependency, vulnerability, high population growth rate, limited labor force, low labor efficiency, diseconomies of scale, low gain domestic product (Gross Domestic Product), high dependency on imports of negociate and consumption goods, and work of only a few basic goods/services.The small size of a country, in damage of celestial sphere and population, may be economically advantageous. The smallness of a state in terms of area and population may in fact be a source of comparative advantage rather than being a constraint on economic growth and growth. Specifically, smallness may be more than compensate by certain unique characteristics possessed by sm all states. Export-oriented services tend to represent such uniqueness and, therefore, a basis for a potential comparative advantage (Mehmet and Tahiroglu 2002).In the last few decades, some small states have been important service centers in banking, financial and trade services. Among them are Singapore, Hong Kong, Bahrain, Bermuda, Malta, Jersey and Cyprus. The tourism sector has been a locomotive industry for some small economies and the sole source providing a comparative advantage. Bermuda is a good example in the sense that it has emerged as a tourism center, successfully exploiting the ability to take advantage of a favorable temper and location. The strategic location of small states also serves as an important cipher for providing banking and financial services. In the Mediterranean Sea, two examples of this category are the south of Cyprus and Malta. Bermuda, Bahrain and Jersey are among other states as studied by Bowe et al. (1998). On the other hand, in the north side of Cyprus, higher education emerged as number one sector bring to national income of the country. Having restrictions on transnational trade and tourism industry with other countries, Turkish Cypriots living in the north of Cyprus succeeded in establishing and growth higher education institutions that pulls many a(prenominal) foreign students from different regions of the creative activity. Currently, there are six universities in North Cyprus where they attract students and academicians from more than 69 countries (SPO 2004).International tourism not only contributes to economic welfare of countries but also to their socio-cultural, environmental and ecological activities (Lindberg and Johnson, 1997 Bull, 1991 Ryan, 1991 Pearce, 1989). Luzzi and Flckiger (2003) defines world(prenominal) tourism not as an industry but as a single, daedal and differentiated product. It is complex because it includes a wide variety of goods and services, and differentiated because apiece des tination has unique features. On the other hand, the purpose of tourism can be in different forms Leisure tourism, business, visiting friends and relatives, education, conferences, or sports. Thus, international tourism is a major contribution to the welfare of countries in each field. As a result of these activities, tourists are likely to consume and purchase of goods/services that bring economic partake to every sector of countries such as transportation, accommodation, tour operators and shopping areas (See also Chang, 2000).There is an unverified wonder of whether international tourism growth actually causes economic growth or does economic growth contributes to tourism growth instead. Empirical studies of the relationship between tourism and economic growth have been less rigorous in tourism literature (Oh, 2005). International tourism profit are a major source of foreign exchange together with export revenues that well compensate flow account famines as well due to the fact that tourism spending serves as an ersatz form of exports contributing to ameliorated rest period of payments in many countries (Oh, 2005). On the other hand, since international tourism contributes to every sector of the economies, budget deficits also benefits from these activities via tax revenues. As McKinnon (1964) argues international tourism brings foreign exchange that can be used to import talk terms and capital goods to produce goods and services, which in cycle leads to economic growth. Balaguer and Jorda (2002) prove the inclemency of tourism-led venture for the Spanish economy where the Spanish economy is the second largest pass receiver of international tourist earnings (5.9% of its GDP) in the world after the fall in States (Oh, 2005). However, there is a question if this supposition can be proved for other countries. Therefore, the tourism-led shot deserves further attention for the other economies.On the other hand, many studies in the literature pro ved the enormousness of international trade for economic growth well. approximately support export-led scheme while others support import-led potentialness for particular countries. Although results on the direction of relationship between international trade and economic growth are still again inconclusive (Balaguer and Jorda, 2002), these studies prove that international trade is crucial for economic growth of many countries (Shun and Sun, 1998 Xu, 1996 Jin, 1995 Bahmani-Oskooee and Alse, 1993, Marin, 1992 Chow, 1987). young theoretical literature provides two main mechanisms through which international trade may affect growth. The first is its effect on the rate of innovation. The second is its effect on the adoption rate of technologies from more ground ascertaining countries that also increases the economys rate of total federal agent productivity growth (Proudman et al., 1998).International tourism and international trade mean greater integration into the world economy which also brings benefits to the economies such as employment creation, foreign exchange earnings, government revenues, and income and employment multipliers (See also Clancy 1999). There have been numerous studies analyzing the make of international tourism and trade sectors on especially developing economies. However, the linkages between international tourism and international trade did not find a wide application area in the literature (See Shan and Wilson, 2001). Do international tourist arrivals upraise international trade, or does international trade promote tourist arrivals, or is there feedback causality among them? When international tourism leads to international trade, there will be an increase in import rent for foreign goods/services as well as an increase in export earnings through its service account of balance of payments. Another implication of international tourism for international trade is that it increases the image of house servant goods/services around t he world which create new trade opportunities (Shan and Wilson, 2001 Kullendran ad Wilson, 1998). On the other hand, when international trade leads to international tourism, this might slide by through business travel which in turn causes holiday travels at later stages as a result of greater trade opportunities. Therefore, the relationship between international tourism and international trade is another aftermath that deserves further attention from the researchers.Aim and Importance of the StudyHaving the importance of this sales outlet that deserves further attention, this field of study verifiablely enquires the possible co integration and causal link between international tourism, international trade and economic growth in a small island, the south of Cyprus, which has become a new member to European Union (EU) apart from May 1, 2004 and is a developed country with 15.1 trillion US$ GDP and 20,701 US$ per capita income as of 2004 figures (statistical Service, 2004).There are important implications and motivations for doing this study First, international trade plays an extremely important role amidst economic concerns, on the other hand, little mention is of international tourism, in spite of its importance among foreign expenditure items (Luzzi, 2003) and majority of existential studies on tourism forecasting are built on tourism demand functions. As Shan and Wilson (2001) mention several areas remain incomplete in this sort of studies and hence deserve further studies. For example, first, the role of international trade as one of the determinants of tourism demand is not well accept in these studies. Thus, this study will search the relationship of not only international tourism growth with economic growth but also with international trade growth in a small island.Second, the econometric techniques used in the previous studies of international tourism are principally poor lacking new developments in econometrics such as co integration and gran ger causality concepts (Shan and Wilson 2001 Lim 1997 Song et al. 1997 Witt and Witt 1995). Additionally, this study is unique in the sense that it for the first age searches the link between international tourism, international trade and economic growth triangle at the same age by employing the latest econometric techniques in the field where previous empirical studies in the literature considered the link between any pair of them for particular countries (Oh, 2005 Shan and Wilson, 2001 Clancy, 1999 Andrew, 1997 Wagner, 1997 Zhou et al., 1997) till the moment.Third, another implication of this study is that although there have been abundant studies (Andronikou, 1987 Ioannides, 1992 Clements and Georgiou, 1998 Ayers, 2000 Cope, 2000 Ioannides and Holcomb, 2001 Sharpley and Forster, 2003 Sharpley, 2002) analyzing the development and management of tourism in Cyprus however, none of them has considered its impact on economic growth and international trade in the literature. Furtherm ore, there are very few studies analyzing international trade and its effect on economic growth of Cyprus (Andrikopoulos and Loizides, 2000 Ayres, 1999 Pattichis, 1999 Asseery and Perdikis, 1991 Kamperis, 1989). Therefore, empirical studies deserve attention to be do for the South Cyprus economy. Yet, the results of this study for the first time are expected to give important implications for this island economy.And fourth, Cyprus problem has been at the agenda of world countries for more than 40 years. Now, the south of Cyprus became a member of the EU whereas the north of the island does not benefit the EU regulations. Thus, this situation will continue to deserve attention from the world countries and the results of this study are also expected to give important messages to policy makers.The paper proceeds as follows. element II overviews the literature on international tourism, international trade and growth and gives brief summary of tourism and trade in Cyprus. Section III d efines data and methodology of the study. Section IV provides results and discussions and the paper concludes with Section V.II. TOURISM, TRADE AND GROWTHEvidence from publicationsThis section attempts to provide a review of the literature with an emphasis on international tourism, international trade and economic growth. Exports and international tourism put across postulate the existence of various arguments for which both exports and international tourism receipts become a main determinant of overall long run economic growth. More specifically, export revenues and international tourism receipts bring in foreign exchange which can be used to import capital goods in order to produce goods and services, leading in turn to economic growth (Balaguer and Jorda, 2002 Xu, 1998). Thus, international trade and international tourism can be thought of one within the other that together contributes to economic growth. Exports plus imports divided by GDP is a well known measure for desolati on of a country (See Yanitkaya, 2003). Since small economies have more trade dependency, the openness rate of these countries is also higher than larger ones. Recent theoretical literature provides two main mechanisms through which international openness may affect growth. The first is its effect on the rate of innovation. The second is its effect on the adoption rate of technologies from more advanced countries that also increases the economys rate of total factor productivity growth (Proudman et al. 1998).Whether export furtherance leads to economic growth has been subject to considerable debate in the development and growth literature. Newly industrialized Asian countries in particular, Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia and Thailand can be cited as examples of countries experiencing export-led growth (ELG). This strategy of growth has doubled their standards of living in every ten year cycle. Many studies have tested the ELG hypothesis for economic growth to search for the relationship between export growth and economic growth. Extensive empirical studies in the literature have choose the concept of causality proposed by husbandman (1969) and Sims (1972) to detect the causal relationship between exports and output. Many of the studies in the empirical literature show hostile results. Furthermore, although exports are a component of GDP and thus lead instantaneously to the growth of output, while some studies put together support for the export-led growth hypothesis (i.e. Chow, 1987 Bahmani-Oskee and Alse, 1993 Xu, 1996), some others have shew negative relationship, even for the economies that are well known for their export promoting policies (i.e. Jung and Marshall, 1985 Darrat, 1986 Ahmed and Kwan, 1991 Dodaro, 1993).The new trade theory has contributed to the theoretical relationship between exports and growth regarding effects on technical efficiency (Doyle 2001). Rivera-Batiz and Romer (1991) show that blowup of international trad e increases growth by increasing the number of specialized production inputs. However, this outcome is ambiguous when there is imperfect emulation and increasing returns to scale (Doyle 2001). Krugman (1979), Dixit and Norman (1980) and Lancaster (1980) show economies of scale as a major cause of international trade, hinting the validity of the growth-led exports hypothesis. There are extensive empirical studies of the grapple-Led Growth (TLG) hypothesis which fail to produce conclusive findings (Giles and Williams 1999 Deme 2002). Some empirical studies in the literature confirmed the TLG hypothesis for some countries whereas some others rejected it for some other countries, while, on the other hand, some studies in the growth literature support the ELG hypothesis and while some others investigate the Import-Led Growth (ILG) hypothesis (Deme 2002).In the last decade, in addition to cross country applications, time series and causality analyses examining the export and economic gr owth relationship has gained importance. Additionally, the concept of the ILG hypothesis was also practically considered in addition to the ELG hypothesis having the fact that imports are mainly vital for raw materials, as well as intermediate goods and capital goods which are used in the production process of exported goods and services. This mechanism stimulates economic growth for many countries. In the work of Bahmani-Oskooee and Alsee (1993), bidirectional causality between export growth and economic growth was empirically tested.Chang (2000) added imports to the relationship between exports and GDP and founded a bidirectional relationship between income and exports, income and imports, and exports and imports in the case of Taiwan. Arize (2002) found a long run convergence and therefore a long run equilibrium relationship between exports and imports using data for 50 countries around the world. This was parallel to the findings of Fountas and Wu (1999), Granger (1986), Gould a nd Ruffin (1996) and Husted (1992). Howard (2002) worked on the causality between exports, imports and income (GDP) in Trinidad and Tobago, a petroleum trade country where oil export booms raise income take aims but are usually followed by a slump. He found a unidirectional Granger causation from exports to income and bidirectional causation between exports and imports, and imports and income. He also hinted to the importance of the relationship between export growth and income due to a onward motion of export sector as a key to economic growth and development in most of the developing countries.Chow (1987) found a bi-directional causality export growth and economic growth for Hong Kong, Israel, Singapore, Taiwan and Brazil, unidirectional causality from export to economic growth for Mexico and no causality between these two for Argentina using the Sims procedure. Jung and Marshall (1985) used Granger causality tests and supported the ELG hypothesis for four out of thirty seven d eveloping countries under consideration. They also found significant output growth and export growth relationship for three countries, an export-reducing growth relationship for six countries and a growth-reducing exports relationship for three countries. The empirical literature on ELG world wide generally shows that export growth plays an important role in economic growth, although many countries have recently adopted liberalization in their trade policies. Empirical studies also proved that developing countries with favorable export growth have experienced high economic growth rates. Therefore, this shows that exports are one of the major sources of foreign currency for national economies.Recently, few studies have utilise new developments in econometrics including co integration and Granger Causality procedures to tourism studies (Shan and Wilson 2001). The effect of international tourism on economic growth of countries has found limited application area in the literature. Bala guer and Jorda (2002) tested international tourism as a long run economic growth factor for Spain using co integration and Granger causality techniques. They confirmed the tourism-led hypothesis through co integration and causality testing for the Spanish economy. They also confirmed that economic growth in Spain has been sensible to persistent expansion of international tourism. On the other hand, Hazari and Sgro (1995) developed a model that indicated that world demand for tourism would have a positive effect on the long run economic growth of a small economy. Shan and Wilson (2001) found bidirectional causation between international travel and international trade for China. They also imply that trade flows do not link with tourism in China. Therefore, Shan and Wilson (2001) suggest that previous tourism studies using single equation approaches may lead to biased estimates since they fail to consider possible feedbacks between trade and tourism, because international trade (both exports and imports) and international tourism are found to reinforce each other in many countries.Tourism and plow in CyprusCyprus has an open, free-market, serviced-based economy with some light manufacturing. It promotes its geographical location as a bridge between West and East, along with its educated communicative population, moderate local costs, good airline connections, and telecommunications. In the past 20 years, the economy has shifted from agriculture to light manufacturing and services. The service sector, including tourism, contributes 75.7% to the GDP and employs 70.7% of the labor force (Statistical Service, 2004). Over the years, the services sectors, and tourism in particular, provided the main impetus for growth. Trade is vital to the Cypriot economy the island is not self-sufficient in fodder and has few natural resources. Thus, as it is one of the characteristics of small islands, Cyprus has heavy dependency on foreign trade. As is typical of island nation s with well tourism sectors, Cyprus runs ordered merchandise trade deficits which are partially offset by strong prodigalityes in services trade with foreigners, but the net result of these two largest components of the present-day(prenominal) account balance is a current account deficit because the services surplus is smaller than the trade deficit. In 2003, Cyprus ran a current account deficit which was about 3.4 % of its GDP (Statistical Service, 2004).Cyprus enjoys a wide range of natural resources in terms of landscape, traditional folklore, gastronomy, culture and a agreeable climate. Over the last 40 years, Cyprus has emerged as a major Mediterranean summer-sun destination (Sharpley, 2002). The successful growth of international tourism underpinned a unprecedented socio-economic development on the island (Sharpley, 2002 Ayers, 2000 Seekings, 1997 Kammas and Salehi-Esfahani, 1992 Ioannides, 1992). Thus, the tourist industry in Cyprus is one of the most dynamic sectors of the economy and one of the main driving forces behind economic growth. Having this fact, the Cyprus Tourist Organization has drawn up a Strategic blueprint for Tourism for the 2000-2010 period. As a marketing plan, it addresses every conceivable applicable aspect (Smith and Zwart 2002). Among the targets of this plan are to increase real revenue to CYP (Cyprus pound) 1.8 billion in 2010, to increase average spending per tourist to CYP 512 in 2010, to lessen the extent of the tourism sectors dependence on the assuage by realizing a 33% to 40% decrease in tourist arrivals during the peak season (from July to September) and a simultaneous increase during the remaining period to a level of about 250,000 tourists per month, to increase the number of tourist arrivals to 4 million in 2010 and to increase the share of return visits to 35% in 2010.However, tourism sector has recently experienced a downturn in Cyprus largely as a result of the terrorist attacks in the U.S. and the economic slow-down in Europe. For example, total tourist arrivals showed a decline by 10.3% in 2002. Due to the events of 11 September, the year 2001 showed an increase of only 0.39%. The tourists who visit Cyprus originate mainly from Central and northern Europe, particularly the UK (United Kingdom) and Germany. In 2004, 56.7% of total tourist arrivals (2.3 million tourists) to Cyprus were from the UK where 6.9% were from Germany and 5.7% were from Greece. International tourism receipts of Cyprus were almost 1.9 billion US$ in 2004 where these experienced a fall between 2002 and 2004 (Statistical Service, 2004)..Cyprus, due to its small domestic market and the open nature of its economy, considers access to international markets as of utmost importance. As a result, foreign trade has always been one of the main sectors of the Cypriot economy, contributing considerably to the economic growth of the island. Trade balance in Cyprus has been consistently unfavorable since before 1960. Given i ts large and expanding trade deficit, Cyprus was fortunate to have a large and growing surplus in its invisibles account, enough even to offset the trade deficit in 1987 and 1988. The major factors contributing to this surplus were tourist receipts, receipts from transfers, and income from other goods and services (such as foreign military machine expenditures in Cyprus, and foreign exchange from offshore enterprises). Trade balance was also chronically unfavorable even after 19741. There were decline in exports of Cyprus after 2000s as well. The share of goods and services exports in GDP was 55.0% in 2000, 51.4% in 2002 and 46.4% in 2003 (Statistical Service, 2004). The main domestic exports of Cyprus are agricultural exports, especially citrus fruits and potatoes, and manufactured products, most importantly clothing, footwear, chemicals, and machinery. The EU is the main market for the exports of Cyprus. Among the EU members in export market of Cyprus are UK (24.4% in 2003), Fran ce (11.0% in 2003), Germany (7.2% in 2003), Greece (6.4% in 2003) and Poland (3.7% in 2003). The other major block of countries to which the exports of Cyprus move to do well is the Arab countries. On the other hand, Cyprus is qualified on imports for many raw materials, consumer goods, transportation equipment, capital goods, and fuels. The share of goods and services imports in GDP was 60.2% in 2000, 59.5% in 2002 and 57.8% in 2003. The imports of Cyprus mainly come from Russia (36.2% of total imports in 2003), Greece (6.4% of total imports in 2003), UK (5.3% of total imports in 2003), Germany (5.2% of total imports in 2003) and Italy (5.1% in 2003) (Statistical Service, 2004).III. DATA AND METHODOLOGY entropy used in this paper are annual figures covering the period 1960 2003 and variables of the study are real gross domestic product (GDP), real trade volume (exports plus imports), real exports, real imports and total tourists visiting and accommodating in tourist establishmen ts of Cyprus. Data are taken from World Bank Development Indicators CD-ROM (World Bank, 2004) and Statistical Service of Cyprus (Statistical Service, 2004) and variables are all at 1995 constant US $ prices.The augment Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP)2Unit Root Tests are use to test the integration level and the possible co-integration among the variables (Dickey and Fuller 1981 Phillips and Perron 1988). The PP procedures, which compute a equalizer variance that is iron to auto-correlation, are applied to test for unit roots as an alternative to ADF unit root test.Unless the researcher knows the actual data generating process, there is a question concerning whether it is most appropriate to include constant term and track factor in the unit root process (Enders 1995). It might reckon reasonable to test the existence of a unit root in the series using the most general of the models. That is,(1)where y is the series t = time (trend factor) a = constant term (drift) t = Gaussian blank noise and p = the lag order. The number of lags p in the dependent variable was chosen by the Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) to ensure that the errors are unclouded noise. One problem with the presence of the additional estimated parameters is that it reduces degrees of freedom and the power of the test.On the other hand, the researcher may fail to reject the null hypothesis of a unit root ( = 0) because of a misspecification concerning the deterministic part of the regress. Therefore, Doldado, Jenkinson and Sosvilla-Rivero (1990) also suggest starting from the most general model to test for a unit root when the form of the data generating process is unknown. The general pattern is to choose a specification that is a plausible description of the data under both the null and alternative hypotheses (Hamilton 1994). If the intercept or time trend is inappropriately omitted, the power of the test can go to slide fastener (Campbell and Perron 1991). Reduced powe r means that the researcher will conclude that the process contains a unit root when, in fact, none is present (Enders 1995 255). A linear combination of integrated variables are said to be co-integrated if the variables are nonmoving. Many economic models entail such co-integrating relationships (Enders 1995).On the other hand, Perron (1989, 1990) and Perron and Vogelsang (1992) suggest that a structural break in the mean of a stationary variable is more likely to bias the DF-ADF tests towards the non-rejection of the null of a unit root in the process. Perron (1990) argues that ignoring the effects of structural breaks can lead to inadequate model specifications, poor forecast, spurious unit root test results and incorrect policy implications. Thus, Perron (1990) proposes an integration level test for structural break, which is known as the Perron test and provides the appropriate critical values3. In this study, Perron (1990) test was employed to see if the order of integration is changed by the structural break. The use of the Perron (1990) test in this study is justified by the fact that intervention of joker in 1974 had significant effects on the Cypriot economy. Perron (1990) suggest two types of methods to measure the effect of structural breaks (i) the additive outlier model, which is recommended for series exhibiting a choppy change in mean, and (ii) innovation outlier model, which is suggested for a gradual change in the series (See also Perron and Vogelsang, 1992). The additive outlier model was used in this study due to the fact that intervention of Turkey in 1974 was a jerky event. Thus, in this study it is assumed that there might be a structural break in 1974 for the variables under consideration.Perron (1990) test was carried out in two steps. First, residuals were estimated using OLS (ordinary to the lowest degree squares) as follows(2)Where DUt = 1 if t Tb and 0 otherwise. Tb is the point where the break occurs. And Second, the followi ng modified regression models were run by using OLS. The test of negativity of is checked by using appropriate critical values reported in the study of Rybinski (1994, 1995)(levels) (3)(first differences) (4)Where (DUTB)t = 1 if t = Tb + 1 and 0 otherwise. Tb is the break year (1974 in this study), DUTB is dummy variable for the break year, t is the residual obtained from equation (2) using OLS and ut is the error term.After the order of integration is determined, co-integration between the variables should be tested to identify any long run relationship. Johansen signature test is used for the co-integration test in this paper. Cheung and Lai (1993) mention that the abide by test is more robust than the maximum eigen value test for co-integration. The Johansen trace test attempts to determine the number of co-integrating vectors among variables. There should be at least one co-integrating vector for a possible co-integration. The Johansen (1988) and Johansen and Juselius (1990) approach allows the estimating of all possible co integrating vectors between the set of variables and it is the most reliable test to avoid the problems which stems from Engel and Granger (1986) procedure4. This procedure can be uttered in the following VAR model(for t =1,T) (5)Where Xt, Xt-1, , Xt-K are vectors of current and lagged values of P variables which are I(1) in the model 1,.,K are matrices of coefficients with (PXP) dimensions is an intercept vector5 and et is a vector of random errors. The number of lagged values, in practice, is determined in such a way that error terms are not significantly auto-correlated. Adding Xt-1, , Xt-K and 1 Xt-2, , K-1