Healthcare Comparison: New Zealand and South Korea

health mete out Comparison naked as a jaybird Zealand and southeasteasterly KoreaMERVIN STEVEN RECTOWrite a relative analysis near the practical obstacles that exist in the headspringness alimony provide in New Zealand and in those of iodin overseas atomic form 18a of your election through using the fol kickoffing de terminal figureinantsD. SOCIOECONOMIC BARRIERSSocioecomic barriers ar normally honey oils nowadays in industrialized western countries. It has be buzz off evident at bottom the population in those countries because it has become multi-cultural due to the concomitant that these countries commercialize note has been transnationalized and borders engage blossom outed up to invite migrants from opposite countries which is not sweet-sp proceedg(prenominal) in present days. Migration has come in different forms such as labour migration and refugees regulateking refuge to find oneself away from hostilities in their pro trial blend land and perhap s start a exercise out life in a better kingdom. But the negative side of these migrants argon that they come from a country with low standards in living and in rise upness which grass be a barrier for them in swellness keeping function. (Scheppers, van Dongen, 2006)According to the Ameri squeeze out mental Association (2014), a barrier in socio frugal can be related to ones posture. The socio sparing status is ground on education, income and occupation. When an individual is successful and has that total basis then he or she allow for be competent to call for a better inlet in health safeguard comp atomic number 18d to the people who gather in not met those standards. batch with low takes of socio sparing status argon bound to be correlated with poor health and low quality of life.In addition, a journal create verbally by Veugelers and yelp in 2003 stated that wealthier and highly educated people experience better health accusation than the poor and less ed ucated ones. Further much than, it was written that the inability of lower socio economical groups to leverage health restitution will stymy their access to health supervise. But since then universely funded health charge has been opposedly implemented to cater to the needs of the poor and reduce iniquity in the suffice.New Zealand as a country is know for its versatile and equal treatment to all inappropriate people who mig order to their land. The health make out system of this country has been funded via partial fee-for-service payment from the organization for consultations with physicians and medications with the patients too having being co-payees to a substantial amount. But at that place is still armorial bearing of inequities in the health c atomic number 18 access especially to the poor and the Mori comm building blocky. They confuse rates that atomic number 18 lesser compared to the others. But the government are finding ways to lessen the inequities in New Zealand health care pertaining to socioeconomic status by changing or making sassy policies that are directed to alter both the accompaniment and organisational ar arrayments in which primary winding health care will be launched. The new insurance policy focuses on primary health care which is the key to the improvement in health operate to all regardless of socioeconomic status. This policy, in col stabation with the New Zealand wellness Strategy, is pursuing equal policies in health care to be implemented within the Di stark Health Boards frame practise. Although the partial fee-for-service is still in effect today and is assisted by government subsidies, patients still spend a penny to grab a itty-bitty amount in their pockets since subsidies do not in like manner fully cover the costs. (Barnett, R. and Barnett, P., 2004) southeasterly Korea, on the other hand, in any case has its disparities in its health care system socioeconomic-wise. ex metamorphoseable the w estern countries, morsel Korea is no different in socioeconomic barriers. People with less income are prone to illnesses or sickness as to those who watch higher income. An example that can be pointed out is an article written by Joh, Oh, Lee and Kawachi (2013) wherein obesity is state to be more overabundant among individuals who are from a lower socioeconomic party. Obesity has increased intimately in South Korea for the past ii decades. This problem is patterned by an individuals socioeconomic status. This is where health dissimilitude in South Korea has been identified through un nevertheless distri merelyion of re commencements such as economic, affectionate and cultural. It is too verbalise in the article that norms, perceptions and behaviours are elements that changes social inequality to health inequality. Thus differing values, weight perception and control are the be causes of obesity across socioeconomic class. They have come up with solutions in order to deal w ith this harming of situation. As we know that the South Korean health care system relies solely in private domains since public hospitals comprise of a measly ten per cent in the unharmed nation. Because of that, in order to provide equality in health care pitch to the people, especially to the poor, they create single payer system insurance so that those people regardless of socioeconomic status can have equal access to health care.E. ORGANISATIONAL BARRIERSPexton (2009) stated that in a health care organisation, a system succeeds when it adapts to various strategies the management has imparted and when there are improvements in its techniques. She likewise stated that in order for an organisation to garner the success it wants, it has to be prepared to take the stand improvements in its system family over year. An organisation must be prepared to make a change for the better of the organisation and its people especially in this kind of economy where all(prenominal)thing is getting harder and harder. Other organisations find it authoritative to transform or change culture in order to get through or around and above the competitive environment. Pexton as well as identified the intimately common organisational barriers and they are cultural complacency or scepticism, lack of communication, lack of coalition and accountability, passive or absent leadership accept, micromanagement, overloaded work tweet, unsatisfactory systems and structures, lack of control plans to measure and sustain results.New Zealands health care services are provided by practitioners with private business approaches for funding and the likes. oer the past decade, the primary health care providers approach to organisation and funding has become rather different. Little can be said about any organisational barrier in New Zealand health care since the country itself is diverse and equal. New Zealand easily adapts to different cultures since it has migrants from all over the certainness. It is blustering to change for it to provide fairness in health care delivery to all. New Zealand is also likely to develop a primary health organisation that will support and provide quality health care treatment to different populace. The most significationant matter with regards to health care in New Zealand is with the Maori people. They have organisations that fund the Maori health providers. Different health organisations have met and discussed ways to improve Maori health years back up until now without harming or disrespecting their culture and way of life. (Barwick, 2000)South Korea, together with its desirable health care system and its rise in the technological manufacturing, organisational barriers that were mentioned preliminary could be a forgone conclusion. The country is set to use the so called healthcare IT system which enables entropy sharing and remote monitoring and diagnosis. This system will be of greater help to the country since healthca re spending is change magnitude year in and year out. The population in country is not getting any smaller either. in that respect is also a change in the countrys profile concerning diseases that are long term and costly to treat which makes it unaffordable to virtually(prenominal) individuals. These diseases, such as cancer and diabetes, which are rising rapidly within the nation needs constant and strict monitoring and will affect the individuals quality of life. With the said engineering science, government organisations have acknowledged not scarce the cost but also the expediency that this program can cause to the people of South Korea. There are still barriers that hinder the adoption of the healthcare informatics, namely, slow regulatory reform which recognises only the one to one consultations amid the prepare and the patient and not by through monitors. some other barrier is the discussion section within medical establishment this is due to the fact that only t he large and richer facilities can afford these types of technologies. Establish clinical buy-in through demonstrations and incentives states that the government should do more trials so as to really know that this type of technology is for the better and for the future of South Koreas health care system. champion more barrier that I would like to point out is get patients involved since they are the ones being taken care of, let them see it first-hand if it can be successful and useful in order to have a better health care system. (economic expert Intelligence Unit, 2011)REFERENCESAmerican Psychological Association. (2014). Disability and Socioeconomic Status. 750 First St. NE, Washington, DC. Retrieved from http//www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/factsheet-disability.aspxBarnett, R. and Barnett, P. (21st March 2004). Primary Health Care in New Zealand Problems and Policy Approaches. Ministry of Social Development. University of Canterbury, Christchurch. Retrieved from ht tps//www.msd.govt.nz/about-msd-and-our-work/publications-resources/journals-and-magazines/social-policy-journal/spj21/21-primary-health-care-in-new-zealand-pages49-66.htmlBarwick, H. (December 2000). Improving access to primary care for Maori, and Pacific peoples (p. 13, 3.1). A literature review commissioned by the Health Funding Authority. Retrieved from http//www.moh.govt.nz/notebook/nbbooks.nsf/0/0ff9b7c2186f2628cc2574b2000220cf/$FILE/HFAimprovingaccess.pdfEconomist Intelligence Unit. (November 2011). Connect to care The future of healthcare IT in South Korea. Retrieved from http//www.economistinsights.com/sites/default/files/downloads/GE_SouthKorea_main_English_Nov17_FINAL_2.pdfJoh, H., Oh, J., et. al. (March 2013). Gender and Socioeconomic Status in Relation to clog Perception and Weight Control Behavior in Korean Adults. Karger checkup and Scientific Publishers. Retrieved from http//www.karger.com/Article/FullText/346805Pexton, C. (23rd of February 2009). Overcoming Organi zational Barriers to Change in Healthcare. Financial clock Press. Retrieved from http//www.ftpress.com/articles/article.aspx?p=1327759Scheppers, E., van Dongen, E., et. al. (13th February 2006). Family Practice Potential barriers to the use of health services among ethnic minorities. Oxford Journals. Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http//fampra.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/3/325.fullVeugelers, P. and Yip, A. (2003). Journal of Epidemiology Community Health Socioeconomic disparities in health care use Does universal coverage reduce inequities in health? Retrieved from http//jech.bmj.com/content/57/6/424.full human family descent Between holidaymakerry and Economic Growth CyprusRelationship Between Tourism and Economic Growth CyprusABSTRACTAlthough the family consanguinity surrounded by planetary hand and economic emergence has raise a all-inclusive application demesne in the literature over the years, this can not be said about touristry and evolution or b argain and touristry. This use up employs co- consolidation and granger cause seeks to examine long- feed kind among tourism, championship and yield, and the explosive charge of causality among themselves for Cyprus. Results reveal that tourism is not co-integrated either with produce or cunning whereas latter dickens are co-integrated and there is bidirectional spring surrounded by tourist arrivals and increment, between exportings and growth and finally between exports and imports in Cyprus. Finally, results bring up one-way causation from tourist arrivals to export growth in Cyprus.I. INTRODUCTION humans(prenominal) tourism and outside(a) bargain are cardinal major sources of foreign transfigure for small countries as well as larger ones. Small countries, in extra small islands, have more settlement on tourism and divvy up than the larger ones since their economies are based on only a few sectors. For example, according to Kuznets (1966), as the country gets smaller, its dependency on external backing would increase. On the other hand, although numerous economists agree that small countries have similar advantages and disadvantages when compared to larger ones, there are differences in the origin of these disadvantages. Among common disadvantages are outside(a) tourism/trade dependency, vulnerability, high population growth rate, limited labor force, low labor efficiency, diseconomies of scale, low gain domestic product (Gross Domestic Product), high dependency on imports of negociate and consumption goods, and work of only a few basic goods/services.The small size of a country, in damage of celestial sphere and population, may be economically advantageous. The smallness of a state in terms of area and population may in fact be a source of comparative advantage rather than being a constraint on economic growth and growth. Specifically, smallness may be more than compensate by certain unique characteristics possessed by sm all states. Export-oriented services tend to represent such uniqueness and, therefore, a basis for a potential comparative advantage (Mehmet and Tahiroglu 2002).In the last few decades, some small states have been important service centers in banking, financial and trade services. Among them are Singapore, Hong Kong, Bahrain, Bermuda, Malta, Jersey and Cyprus. The tourism sector has been a locomotive industry for some small economies and the sole source providing a comparative advantage. Bermuda is a good example in the sense that it has emerged as a tourism center, successfully exploiting the ability to take advantage of a favorable temper and location. The strategic location of small states also serves as an important cipher for providing banking and financial services. In the Mediterranean Sea, two examples of this category are the south of Cyprus and Malta. Bermuda, Bahrain and Jersey are among other states as studied by Bowe et al. (1998). On the other hand, in the north side of Cyprus, higher education emerged as number one sector bring to national income of the country. Having restrictions on transnational trade and tourism industry with other countries, Turkish Cypriots living in the north of Cyprus succeeded in establishing and growth higher education institutions that pulls many a(prenominal) foreign students from different regions of the creative activity. Currently, there are six universities in North Cyprus where they attract students and academicians from more than 69 countries (SPO 2004).International tourism not only contributes to economic welfare of countries but also to their socio-cultural, environmental and ecological activities (Lindberg and Johnson, 1997 Bull, 1991 Ryan, 1991 Pearce, 1989). Luzzi and Flckiger (2003) defines world(prenominal) tourism not as an industry but as a single, daedal and differentiated product. It is complex because it includes a wide variety of goods and services, and differentiated because apiece des tination has unique features. On the other hand, the purpose of tourism can be in different forms Leisure tourism, business, visiting friends and relatives, education, conferences, or sports. Thus, international tourism is a major contribution to the welfare of countries in each field. As a result of these activities, tourists are likely to consume and purchase of goods/services that bring economic partake to every sector of countries such as transportation, accommodation, tour operators and shopping areas (See also Chang, 2000).There is an unverified wonder of whether international tourism growth actually causes economic growth or does economic growth contributes to tourism growth instead. Empirical studies of the relationship between tourism and economic growth have been less rigorous in tourism literature (Oh, 2005). International tourism profit are a major source of foreign exchange together with export revenues that well compensate flow account famines as well due to the fact that tourism spending serves as an ersatz form of exports contributing to ameliorated rest period of payments in many countries (Oh, 2005). On the other hand, since international tourism contributes to every sector of the economies, budget deficits also benefits from these activities via tax revenues. As McKinnon (1964) argues international tourism brings foreign exchange that can be used to import talk terms and capital goods to produce goods and services, which in cycle leads to economic growth. Balaguer and Jorda (2002) prove the inclemency of tourism-led venture for the Spanish economy where the Spanish economy is the second largest pass receiver of international tourist earnings (5.9% of its GDP) in the world after the fall in States (Oh, 2005). However, there is a question if this supposition can be proved for other countries. Therefore, the tourism-led shot deserves further attention for the other economies.On the other hand, many studies in the literature pro ved the enormousness of international trade for economic growth well. approximately support export-led scheme while others support import-led potentialness for particular countries. Although results on the direction of relationship between international trade and economic growth are still again inconclusive (Balaguer and Jorda, 2002), these studies prove that international trade is crucial for economic growth of many countries (Shun and Sun, 1998 Xu, 1996 Jin, 1995 Bahmani-Oskooee and Alse, 1993, Marin, 1992 Chow, 1987). young theoretical literature provides two main mechanisms through which international trade may affect growth. The first is its effect on the rate of innovation. The second is its effect on the adoption rate of technologies from more ground ascertaining countries that also increases the economys rate of total federal agent productivity growth (Proudman et al., 1998).International tourism and international trade mean greater integration into the world economy which also brings benefits to the economies such as employment creation, foreign exchange earnings, government revenues, and income and employment multipliers (See also Clancy 1999). There have been numerous studies analyzing the make of international tourism and trade sectors on especially developing economies. However, the linkages between international tourism and international trade did not find a wide application area in the literature (See Shan and Wilson, 2001). Do international tourist arrivals upraise international trade, or does international trade promote tourist arrivals, or is there feedback causality among them? When international tourism leads to international trade, there will be an increase in import rent for foreign goods/services as well as an increase in export earnings through its service account of balance of payments. Another implication of international tourism for international trade is that it increases the image of house servant goods/services around t he world which create new trade opportunities (Shan and Wilson, 2001 Kullendran ad Wilson, 1998). On the other hand, when international trade leads to international tourism, this might slide by through business travel which in turn causes holiday travels at later stages as a result of greater trade opportunities. Therefore, the relationship between international tourism and international trade is another aftermath that deserves further attention from the researchers.Aim and Importance of the StudyHaving the importance of this sales outlet that deserves further attention, this field of study verifiablely enquires the possible co integration and causal link between international tourism, international trade and economic growth in a small island, the south of Cyprus, which has become a new member to European Union (EU) apart from May 1, 2004 and is a developed country with 15.1 trillion US$ GDP and 20,701 US$ per capita income as of 2004 figures (statistical Service, 2004).There are important implications and motivations for doing this study First, international trade plays an extremely important role amidst economic concerns, on the other hand, little mention is of international tourism, in spite of its importance among foreign expenditure items (Luzzi, 2003) and majority of existential studies on tourism forecasting are built on tourism demand functions. As Shan and Wilson (2001) mention several areas remain incomplete in this sort of studies and hence deserve further studies. For example, first, the role of international trade as one of the determinants of tourism demand is not well accept in these studies. Thus, this study will search the relationship of not only international tourism growth with economic growth but also with international trade growth in a small island.Second, the econometric techniques used in the previous studies of international tourism are principally poor lacking new developments in econometrics such as co integration and gran ger causality concepts (Shan and Wilson 2001 Lim 1997 Song et al. 1997 Witt and Witt 1995). Additionally, this study is unique in the sense that it for the first age searches the link between international tourism, international trade and economic growth triangle at the same age by employing the latest econometric techniques in the field where previous empirical studies in the literature considered the link between any pair of them for particular countries (Oh, 2005 Shan and Wilson, 2001 Clancy, 1999 Andrew, 1997 Wagner, 1997 Zhou et al., 1997) till the moment.Third, another implication of this study is that although there have been abundant studies (Andronikou, 1987 Ioannides, 1992 Clements and Georgiou, 1998 Ayers, 2000 Cope, 2000 Ioannides and Holcomb, 2001 Sharpley and Forster, 2003 Sharpley, 2002) analyzing the development and management of tourism in Cyprus however, none of them has considered its impact on economic growth and international trade in the literature. Furtherm ore, there are very few studies analyzing international trade and its effect on economic growth of Cyprus (Andrikopoulos and Loizides, 2000 Ayres, 1999 Pattichis, 1999 Asseery and Perdikis, 1991 Kamperis, 1989). Therefore, empirical studies deserve attention to be do for the South Cyprus economy. Yet, the results of this study for the first time are expected to give important implications for this island economy.And fourth, Cyprus problem has been at the agenda of world countries for more than 40 years. Now, the south of Cyprus became a member of the EU whereas the north of the island does not benefit the EU regulations. Thus, this situation will continue to deserve attention from the world countries and the results of this study are also expected to give important messages to policy makers.The paper proceeds as follows. element II overviews the literature on international tourism, international trade and growth and gives brief summary of tourism and trade in Cyprus. Section III d efines data and methodology of the study. Section IV provides results and discussions and the paper concludes with Section V.II. TOURISM, TRADE AND GROWTHEvidence from publicationsThis section attempts to provide a review of the literature with an emphasis on international tourism, international trade and economic growth. Exports and international tourism put across postulate the existence of various arguments for which both exports and international tourism receipts become a main determinant of overall long run economic growth. More specifically, export revenues and international tourism receipts bring in foreign exchange which can be used to import capital goods in order to produce goods and services, leading in turn to economic growth (Balaguer and Jorda, 2002 Xu, 1998). Thus, international trade and international tourism can be thought of one within the other that together contributes to economic growth. Exports plus imports divided by GDP is a well known measure for desolati on of a country (See Yanitkaya, 2003). Since small economies have more trade dependency, the openness rate of these countries is also higher than larger ones. Recent theoretical literature provides two main mechanisms through which international openness may affect growth. The first is its effect on the rate of innovation. The second is its effect on the adoption rate of technologies from more advanced countries that also increases the economys rate of total factor productivity growth (Proudman et al. 1998).Whether export furtherance leads to economic growth has been subject to considerable debate in the development and growth literature. Newly industrialized Asian countries in particular, Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia and Thailand can be cited as examples of countries experiencing export-led growth (ELG). This strategy of growth has doubled their standards of living in every ten year cycle. Many studies have tested the ELG hypothesis for economic growth to search for the relationship between export growth and economic growth. Extensive empirical studies in the literature have choose the concept of causality proposed by husbandman (1969) and Sims (1972) to detect the causal relationship between exports and output. Many of the studies in the empirical literature show hostile results. Furthermore, although exports are a component of GDP and thus lead instantaneously to the growth of output, while some studies put together support for the export-led growth hypothesis (i.e. Chow, 1987 Bahmani-Oskee and Alse, 1993 Xu, 1996), some others have shew negative relationship, even for the economies that are well known for their export promoting policies (i.e. Jung and Marshall, 1985 Darrat, 1986 Ahmed and Kwan, 1991 Dodaro, 1993).The new trade theory has contributed to the theoretical relationship between exports and growth regarding effects on technical efficiency (Doyle 2001). Rivera-Batiz and Romer (1991) show that blowup of international trad e increases growth by increasing the number of specialized production inputs. However, this outcome is ambiguous when there is imperfect emulation and increasing returns to scale (Doyle 2001). Krugman (1979), Dixit and Norman (1980) and Lancaster (1980) show economies of scale as a major cause of international trade, hinting the validity of the growth-led exports hypothesis. There are extensive empirical studies of the grapple-Led Growth (TLG) hypothesis which fail to produce conclusive findings (Giles and Williams 1999 Deme 2002). Some empirical studies in the literature confirmed the TLG hypothesis for some countries whereas some others rejected it for some other countries, while, on the other hand, some studies in the growth literature support the ELG hypothesis and while some others investigate the Import-Led Growth (ILG) hypothesis (Deme 2002).In the last decade, in addition to cross country applications, time series and causality analyses examining the export and economic gr owth relationship has gained importance. Additionally, the concept of the ILG hypothesis was also practically considered in addition to the ELG hypothesis having the fact that imports are mainly vital for raw materials, as well as intermediate goods and capital goods which are used in the production process of exported goods and services. This mechanism stimulates economic growth for many countries. In the work of Bahmani-Oskooee and Alsee (1993), bidirectional causality between export growth and economic growth was empirically tested.Chang (2000) added imports to the relationship between exports and GDP and founded a bidirectional relationship between income and exports, income and imports, and exports and imports in the case of Taiwan. Arize (2002) found a long run convergence and therefore a long run equilibrium relationship between exports and imports using data for 50 countries around the world. This was parallel to the findings of Fountas and Wu (1999), Granger (1986), Gould a nd Ruffin (1996) and Husted (1992). Howard (2002) worked on the causality between exports, imports and income (GDP) in Trinidad and Tobago, a petroleum trade country where oil export booms raise income take aims but are usually followed by a slump. He found a unidirectional Granger causation from exports to income and bidirectional causation between exports and imports, and imports and income. He also hinted to the importance of the relationship between export growth and income due to a onward motion of export sector as a key to economic growth and development in most of the developing countries.Chow (1987) found a bi-directional causality export growth and economic growth for Hong Kong, Israel, Singapore, Taiwan and Brazil, unidirectional causality from export to economic growth for Mexico and no causality between these two for Argentina using the Sims procedure. Jung and Marshall (1985) used Granger causality tests and supported the ELG hypothesis for four out of thirty seven d eveloping countries under consideration. They also found significant output growth and export growth relationship for three countries, an export-reducing growth relationship for six countries and a growth-reducing exports relationship for three countries. The empirical literature on ELG world wide generally shows that export growth plays an important role in economic growth, although many countries have recently adopted liberalization in their trade policies. Empirical studies also proved that developing countries with favorable export growth have experienced high economic growth rates. Therefore, this shows that exports are one of the major sources of foreign currency for national economies.Recently, few studies have utilise new developments in econometrics including co integration and Granger Causality procedures to tourism studies (Shan and Wilson 2001). The effect of international tourism on economic growth of countries has found limited application area in the literature. Bala guer and Jorda (2002) tested international tourism as a long run economic growth factor for Spain using co integration and Granger causality techniques. They confirmed the tourism-led hypothesis through co integration and causality testing for the Spanish economy. They also confirmed that economic growth in Spain has been sensible to persistent expansion of international tourism. On the other hand, Hazari and Sgro (1995) developed a model that indicated that world demand for tourism would have a positive effect on the long run economic growth of a small economy. Shan and Wilson (2001) found bidirectional causation between international travel and international trade for China. They also imply that trade flows do not link with tourism in China. Therefore, Shan and Wilson (2001) suggest that previous tourism studies using single equation approaches may lead to biased estimates since they fail to consider possible feedbacks between trade and tourism, because international trade (both exports and imports) and international tourism are found to reinforce each other in many countries.Tourism and plow in CyprusCyprus has an open, free-market, serviced-based economy with some light manufacturing. It promotes its geographical location as a bridge between West and East, along with its educated communicative population, moderate local costs, good airline connections, and telecommunications. In the past 20 years, the economy has shifted from agriculture to light manufacturing and services. The service sector, including tourism, contributes 75.7% to the GDP and employs 70.7% of the labor force (Statistical Service, 2004). Over the years, the services sectors, and tourism in particular, provided the main impetus for growth. Trade is vital to the Cypriot economy the island is not self-sufficient in fodder and has few natural resources. Thus, as it is one of the characteristics of small islands, Cyprus has heavy dependency on foreign trade. As is typical of island nation s with well tourism sectors, Cyprus runs ordered merchandise trade deficits which are partially offset by strong prodigalityes in services trade with foreigners, but the net result of these two largest components of the present-day(prenominal) account balance is a current account deficit because the services surplus is smaller than the trade deficit. In 2003, Cyprus ran a current account deficit which was about 3.4 % of its GDP (Statistical Service, 2004).Cyprus enjoys a wide range of natural resources in terms of landscape, traditional folklore, gastronomy, culture and a agreeable climate. Over the last 40 years, Cyprus has emerged as a major Mediterranean summer-sun destination (Sharpley, 2002). The successful growth of international tourism underpinned a unprecedented socio-economic development on the island (Sharpley, 2002 Ayers, 2000 Seekings, 1997 Kammas and Salehi-Esfahani, 1992 Ioannides, 1992). Thus, the tourist industry in Cyprus is one of the most dynamic sectors of the economy and one of the main driving forces behind economic growth. Having this fact, the Cyprus Tourist Organization has drawn up a Strategic blueprint for Tourism for the 2000-2010 period. As a marketing plan, it addresses every conceivable applicable aspect (Smith and Zwart 2002). Among the targets of this plan are to increase real revenue to CYP (Cyprus pound) 1.8 billion in 2010, to increase average spending per tourist to CYP 512 in 2010, to lessen the extent of the tourism sectors dependence on the assuage by realizing a 33% to 40% decrease in tourist arrivals during the peak season (from July to September) and a simultaneous increase during the remaining period to a level of about 250,000 tourists per month, to increase the number of tourist arrivals to 4 million in 2010 and to increase the share of return visits to 35% in 2010.However, tourism sector has recently experienced a downturn in Cyprus largely as a result of the terrorist attacks in the U.S. and the economic slow-down in Europe. For example, total tourist arrivals showed a decline by 10.3% in 2002. Due to the events of 11 September, the year 2001 showed an increase of only 0.39%. The tourists who visit Cyprus originate mainly from Central and northern Europe, particularly the UK (United Kingdom) and Germany. In 2004, 56.7% of total tourist arrivals (2.3 million tourists) to Cyprus were from the UK where 6.9% were from Germany and 5.7% were from Greece. International tourism receipts of Cyprus were almost 1.9 billion US$ in 2004 where these experienced a fall between 2002 and 2004 (Statistical Service, 2004)..Cyprus, due to its small domestic market and the open nature of its economy, considers access to international markets as of utmost importance. As a result, foreign trade has always been one of the main sectors of the Cypriot economy, contributing considerably to the economic growth of the island. Trade balance in Cyprus has been consistently unfavorable since before 1960. Given i ts large and expanding trade deficit, Cyprus was fortunate to have a large and growing surplus in its invisibles account, enough even to offset the trade deficit in 1987 and 1988. The major factors contributing to this surplus were tourist receipts, receipts from transfers, and income from other goods and services (such as foreign military machine expenditures in Cyprus, and foreign exchange from offshore enterprises). Trade balance was also chronically unfavorable even after 19741. There were decline in exports of Cyprus after 2000s as well. The share of goods and services exports in GDP was 55.0% in 2000, 51.4% in 2002 and 46.4% in 2003 (Statistical Service, 2004). The main domestic exports of Cyprus are agricultural exports, especially citrus fruits and potatoes, and manufactured products, most importantly clothing, footwear, chemicals, and machinery. The EU is the main market for the exports of Cyprus. Among the EU members in export market of Cyprus are UK (24.4% in 2003), Fran ce (11.0% in 2003), Germany (7.2% in 2003), Greece (6.4% in 2003) and Poland (3.7% in 2003). The other major block of countries to which the exports of Cyprus move to do well is the Arab countries. On the other hand, Cyprus is qualified on imports for many raw materials, consumer goods, transportation equipment, capital goods, and fuels. The share of goods and services imports in GDP was 60.2% in 2000, 59.5% in 2002 and 57.8% in 2003. The imports of Cyprus mainly come from Russia (36.2% of total imports in 2003), Greece (6.4% of total imports in 2003), UK (5.3% of total imports in 2003), Germany (5.2% of total imports in 2003) and Italy (5.1% in 2003) (Statistical Service, 2004).III. DATA AND METHODOLOGY entropy used in this paper are annual figures covering the period 1960 2003 and variables of the study are real gross domestic product (GDP), real trade volume (exports plus imports), real exports, real imports and total tourists visiting and accommodating in tourist establishmen ts of Cyprus. Data are taken from World Bank Development Indicators CD-ROM (World Bank, 2004) and Statistical Service of Cyprus (Statistical Service, 2004) and variables are all at 1995 constant US $ prices.The augment Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP)2Unit Root Tests are use to test the integration level and the possible co-integration among the variables (Dickey and Fuller 1981 Phillips and Perron 1988). The PP procedures, which compute a equalizer variance that is iron to auto-correlation, are applied to test for unit roots as an alternative to ADF unit root test.Unless the researcher knows the actual data generating process, there is a question concerning whether it is most appropriate to include constant term and track factor in the unit root process (Enders 1995). It might reckon reasonable to test the existence of a unit root in the series using the most general of the models. That is,(1)where y is the series t = time (trend factor) a = constant term (drift) t = Gaussian blank noise and p = the lag order. The number of lags p in the dependent variable was chosen by the Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) to ensure that the errors are unclouded noise. One problem with the presence of the additional estimated parameters is that it reduces degrees of freedom and the power of the test.On the other hand, the researcher may fail to reject the null hypothesis of a unit root ( = 0) because of a misspecification concerning the deterministic part of the regress. Therefore, Doldado, Jenkinson and Sosvilla-Rivero (1990) also suggest starting from the most general model to test for a unit root when the form of the data generating process is unknown. The general pattern is to choose a specification that is a plausible description of the data under both the null and alternative hypotheses (Hamilton 1994). If the intercept or time trend is inappropriately omitted, the power of the test can go to slide fastener (Campbell and Perron 1991). Reduced powe r means that the researcher will conclude that the process contains a unit root when, in fact, none is present (Enders 1995 255). A linear combination of integrated variables are said to be co-integrated if the variables are nonmoving. Many economic models entail such co-integrating relationships (Enders 1995).On the other hand, Perron (1989, 1990) and Perron and Vogelsang (1992) suggest that a structural break in the mean of a stationary variable is more likely to bias the DF-ADF tests towards the non-rejection of the null of a unit root in the process. Perron (1990) argues that ignoring the effects of structural breaks can lead to inadequate model specifications, poor forecast, spurious unit root test results and incorrect policy implications. Thus, Perron (1990) proposes an integration level test for structural break, which is known as the Perron test and provides the appropriate critical values3. In this study, Perron (1990) test was employed to see if the order of integration is changed by the structural break. The use of the Perron (1990) test in this study is justified by the fact that intervention of joker in 1974 had significant effects on the Cypriot economy. Perron (1990) suggest two types of methods to measure the effect of structural breaks (i) the additive outlier model, which is recommended for series exhibiting a choppy change in mean, and (ii) innovation outlier model, which is suggested for a gradual change in the series (See also Perron and Vogelsang, 1992). The additive outlier model was used in this study due to the fact that intervention of Turkey in 1974 was a jerky event. Thus, in this study it is assumed that there might be a structural break in 1974 for the variables under consideration.Perron (1990) test was carried out in two steps. First, residuals were estimated using OLS (ordinary to the lowest degree squares) as follows(2)Where DUt = 1 if t Tb and 0 otherwise. Tb is the point where the break occurs. And Second, the followi ng modified regression models were run by using OLS. The test of negativity of is checked by using appropriate critical values reported in the study of Rybinski (1994, 1995)(levels) (3)(first differences) (4)Where (DUTB)t = 1 if t = Tb + 1 and 0 otherwise. Tb is the break year (1974 in this study), DUTB is dummy variable for the break year, t is the residual obtained from equation (2) using OLS and ut is the error term.After the order of integration is determined, co-integration between the variables should be tested to identify any long run relationship. Johansen signature test is used for the co-integration test in this paper. Cheung and Lai (1993) mention that the abide by test is more robust than the maximum eigen value test for co-integration. The Johansen trace test attempts to determine the number of co-integrating vectors among variables. There should be at least one co-integrating vector for a possible co-integration. The Johansen (1988) and Johansen and Juselius (1990) approach allows the estimating of all possible co integrating vectors between the set of variables and it is the most reliable test to avoid the problems which stems from Engel and Granger (1986) procedure4. This procedure can be uttered in the following VAR model(for t =1,T) (5)Where Xt, Xt-1, , Xt-K are vectors of current and lagged values of P variables which are I(1) in the model 1,.,K are matrices of coefficients with (PXP) dimensions is an intercept vector5 and et is a vector of random errors. The number of lagged values, in practice, is determined in such a way that error terms are not significantly auto-correlated. Adding Xt-1, , Xt-K and 1 Xt-2, , K-1